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Biology 201 > Topic B > Flashcards

Topic B Flashcards

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1
Q

some plant cells have the ___ squished against the side of the cell by the central vacuole

A

nucleus

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2
Q

describe nuclear pores

A

are numerous (~3000 per mammalian nucleus) and large (120nm diameter)

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3
Q

how do nucleotides enter the nuclear pores?

A

through diffusion

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4
Q

what is a test of discovery experiment?

A

based upon observing a process

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5
Q

what is a test of necessity experiment?

A

observing if the process occurs when something is removed

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6
Q

what is a test of sufficiency experiment?

A

observing if the process occurs when something is added

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7
Q

NLS

A

nuclear localization signal

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8
Q

what is required for nuclear import?

A

nuclear localization signal (NLS) and importin proteins

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9
Q

what do importin proteins associate with?

A

associate with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear pore

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10
Q

what is required for nuclear export?

A

nuclear export signal (NES) and exportin proteins

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11
Q

what do exportin proteins associate with?

A

associate with NES (or RNA directly) and nuclear pore

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12
Q

importin and exportin’s affinity for the nuclear pore is?

A

always high

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13
Q

importin’s affinity for cargo is?

A

high in cytosol, low in nucleus

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14
Q

exportin’s affinity for cargo is?

A

low in cytosol, high in nucleus

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15
Q

ran-GTP has an affinity for?

A

importins and exportins

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16
Q

where is ran-GDP found?

A

the cytosol

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17
Q

where is ran-GTP found?

A

the nucleus

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18
Q

ran ____ importins and _____ exportins in the nucleus (load or unload)

A

unloads…loads

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19
Q

chromatin

A

complex of DNA, histones and non-histones found in the nucleus of a euk cell. Material that makes up chromosomes

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20
Q

outer nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the inner nuclear membrane. Is continuous with the inner nuclear membrane and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

nuclear lamina

A

fibrous meshwork of proteins on the inner surface of the inner nuclear membrane. Made of intermediate filaments formed from nuclear lamins

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22
Q

nuclear pore complex (NPC)

A

large multiprotein structure forming the nuclear pore through the nuclear envelope that allows selected molecules to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

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23
Q

what do enzymes in the ER synthesize?

A

phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

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24
Q

what mechanism is used to deliver membrane lipids to the ER and nuclear envelope?

A

lateral diffusion

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25
Q

what mechanism is used to deliver phospholipids to the ER and nuclear envelope?

A

lateral diffusion

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26
Q

what mechanism is used to deliver phospholipids to the rest of the endomembrane system?

A

transport vesicles

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27
Q

what mechanism is used to deliver phospholipids to semi-autonomous organelles?

A

phospholipid exchange proteins

28
Q

what mechanism is used to deliver phospholipids to the chloroplasts?

A

phospholipid exchange proteins (same as mitochondria)

29
Q

where are proteins made?

A

some in free ribosomes, some in the ER

30
Q

what mechanism is used to create proteins destined for the cytosol?

A

free ribosomes

31
Q

what mechanisms are used to create and deliver proteins to the mitochondrion, peroxisomes and the nucleus?

A

free ribosomes and then import (has cell signals)

32
Q

how are proteins exported?

A

ribosomes at ER and then vesicles

33
Q

what mechanisms are used to create and deliver proteins to the nuclear envelope and ER?

A

ribosomes at ER and then lateral diffusion

34
Q

what mechanisms are used to create and deliver proteins to the lysosomes, golgi and plasma membrane?

A

ribosomes at ER and then vesicles

35
Q

what mechanisms are used to create and deliver proteins to the chloroplasts?

A

free ribosomes and then import (same as mitochondria)

36
Q

what are the functions of a vesicle?

A
  1. move material within endomembrane system
  2. exocytosis
  3. endocytosis
37
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

importing whole proteins

38
Q

how do vesicles form?

A

cargo receptors -> clathrin (and other coat proteins) -> adaptin ->dynamin -> remove coat proteins

39
Q

how many heme groups does hemoglobin have?

A

four

40
Q

where is iron located in humans?

A

hemoglobin (in red blood cells)

41
Q

what is the iron delivery path?

A

iron goes to the intestine cell -> blood -> future red blood cells

42
Q

transferrin proteins

A

synthesized in liver cells, carry iron in blood

43
Q

how does transferrin carry iron into future RBCs?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

44
Q

how do vesicles move?

A

microtubules, kinesin, dynein

45
Q

kinesin

A

plus-end directed microtubule protein

46
Q

dynein

A

minus-end directed microtubule motor protein

47
Q

exocytosis uses ____; endocytosis uses _____ (which MT motor protein)

A

kinesins…dyneins

48
Q

ER -> Golgi uses____ (which MT motor protein)

A

dyneins

49
Q

how do vesicles fuse with their target membrane?

A

when SNAREs pull together

50
Q

which organelles do vesicles move between?

A

ER, golgi, plasma membrane, lysosomes (endomembrane system)

51
Q

tSNARE

A

target SNARE (on plasma membrane)

52
Q

vSNARE

A

vesicle SNARE

53
Q

dynamin

A

involved in vesicle formation, binds to clathrin-coated vesicle in the process of budding from the membrane

54
Q

cargo

A

membrane components and soluble molecules carried by transport vesicles

55
Q

adaptin

A

connect clathrins to cargo receptors (regulated like Ran)

56
Q

function of cis side of golgi apparatus

A

“receiving”

57
Q

function of trans side of golgi apparatus

A

“shipping”

58
Q

amount of golgi in an animal cell

A

single large stack

59
Q

amount of golgi in a plant cell

A

many little stacks

60
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

modify and distribute proteins and membrane lipids made in ER

61
Q

constitutive exocytosis

A

default pathway (eg. goblet cells, cell growth)

62
Q

regulated exocytosis

A

secretes products rapidly on demand (eg. export of insulin)

63
Q

what signal is given to future lysosome enzymes in the golgi?

A

M6P signal

64
Q

M6P Receptor’s affinity for cargo is?

A

high in Golgi (pH 6.5)

low in lysosome (pH <6.0)

65
Q

vesicles formed by receptor mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis fuse with what?

A

lysosomes

66
Q

how do endosomes become lysosomes?

A

when pH drops (pH 6.0 to 5.0), done by ATP powered proton pumps

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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