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Biology 201 > Topic G > Flashcards

Topic G Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 Steps of how a motor neuron passes info to a skeletal muscle cell

A

1) Signal binds to receptor
2) Signal transduction
3) Change in cell behaviour

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2
Q

4 types of signal response

A
  • preprogrammed response
  • one signal triggers several responses
  • signals amplified during transduction
  • signals integrated during transduction
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3
Q

contact dependent signalling

A

cells are adjacent
Signal: membrane protein
Example: Apoptosis

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4
Q

paracrine signalling

A

local cells
Signal: diffusible molecules released locally
Example: Cancer cells

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5
Q

Synaptic signalling

A

distant cells
Signal: diffusible molecules delivered by cell extension
Example: Neurons

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6
Q

Endocrine signalling

A

distant cells
Signal: diffusible molecules delivered by circulatory system
Example: Adrenaline, Insulin, Estrogen

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7
Q

4 types of signals

A

small proteins, small organic molecules, gasses, extracellular vesicles

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8
Q

True/False Nitric Oxide uses diffusion and needs a receptor

A

False! It does diffuse but does not require a receptor

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9
Q

Cell surface receptors

A

ion-channel coupled receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, Enzyme coupled receptors

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10
Q

Example of ion-channel coupled receptors

A

AChR

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11
Q

example of G-protein coupled receptors

A

Adrenaline receptor

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12
Q

example of Enzyme coupled receptors

A

insulin receptor

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13
Q

Intracellular receptors and example

A

steroid hormone receptors, e.g. Estrogen receptor

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14
Q

When do G-coupled receptors activate

A

when signal arrives

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15
Q

When do G-coupled receptors deavtivate

A

when signals leave

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16
Q

Kinases

A

put phosphates onto target proteins

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17
Q

many proteins are regulated by ……

A

phosphorylation

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18
Q

Kinase inactive ….. target on/off

A

kinase inactive target off

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19
Q

kinase active …… target active/inactive

A

kinase active target active

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20
Q

adrenaline

A

fight or flight response

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21
Q

what releases adrenaline

A

adrenal gland cells

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22
Q

how is adrenaline released

A

regulated exocytosis

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23
Q

pathway of releasing adrenaline

A

adrenaline receptor is activated and activates G protein that produces cyclic AMP from ATP which activates an inhibitor that releases PKA (kinase active) which turns on the target protein

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24
Q

3 responses of adrenaline

A

a) liver cells break down glycogen
b) heart pacemaker cells increase rate of AP
c) skeletal muscle break down glycogen

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25
Q

Deactivation (2 things happen)

A

1) removal of adrenaline by diffusion, degradation, and uptake
2) phosphodiesterase breakdown cAMP inside of cells

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26
Q

Medical significance of adrenaline

A

epipens used to treat severe allergic reactions

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27
Q

3 steps of enzyme coupled receptors

A

1) signal molecule dimerizes the receptor
2) dimerized receptor phosphorylates itself
3) phosphorylated receptor activates other proteins

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28
Q

importance of glucose

A

mobile carbohydrates

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29
Q

pancreas function

A

make digestive enzymes for gut

30
Q

which cells have the most glucagon receptors

A

liver cells

31
Q

alpha islet cells (~1%)

A

release glucagon proteins that bind to receptors in liver cells when blood glucose concentration is low (leaves through GLUT)

32
Q

beta islet cells (~1%)

A

release insulin proteins when blood glucose concentration is high

33
Q

why is insulin signalling important

A

insulins signal that blood glucose concentration is high

34
Q

insulin is a small ___

A

protein

35
Q

insulin is released by

A

regulated exocytosis

36
Q

2insulin receptors are ___ and ___ attached

A

permanently and loosely

37
Q

true or false insulin protein is a tetramer

A

false, it is a dimer

38
Q

when insulin binds to the insulin receptor what happens

A

brings the subunits close enough to phosphorylate each other

39
Q

responses of insulin (2)

A

a) fat and muscle cells display insulin receptors

b) import and store glucose (kinase cascade)

40
Q

insulin ___ glycogen synthase

A

activates

41
Q

when glycogen is synthesized _____ breakdown decreases

A

glycogen

42
Q

Deactivation

A

removal of insulin > subunits move apart > phosphatases remove phosphate groups > pinocytosis beings back using GLUT

43
Q

Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and 2)

A

inability to regulate blood glucose
1- problem with insulin
2- problem with insulin recpetors

44
Q

Type 1 Diabetes cause

A

body’s own immune system kills insulin producing cells

45
Q

Type 2 Diabetes cause

A

prolonged overeating leads to “full” fat cells deliberately displaying fewer insulin receptors

46
Q

treating diabetes

A

monitoring glucose levels, insulin and healthy diet

47
Q

steroid molecules (2)

A

hydrophobic molecules, made from cholesterol

48
Q

globular proteins

A

carry steroid hormones in circulatory system

49
Q

Steroid hormone receptors (2)

A

intracellular receptors and transcription factors

50
Q

purpose of estrogen signalling

A

sex determination of females

51
Q

Steps of estrogen activation

A

1) gonads in embryo becomes ovaries or testes
2) synthesis sex hormones and and do meiosis
3) sex hormones travel to other cells
4) sex hormones enter cells
5) activate transcription factors that turn on target genes

52
Q

sex of xxy

A

male

53
Q

SHBG

A

both estrogen and testosterone use, sex hormone binding globular protein

54
Q

Medical significance of estrogen

A

a) birth control to prevent release of oocytes

b) cancer- some cancer cells make too many estrogen receptors

55
Q

what toxins does coffee contain

A

caffeine

56
Q

what toxins do poppies contain

A

morphine

57
Q

what toxins do cannbis contain

A

cannbinoids

58
Q

what toxins does tobacco contain

A

nicotine

59
Q

What does nicotine do? (2)

A

target AChR on neurons resulting in increased activity in brains pleasure centre
target AChR on adrenal glands

60
Q

Nicotine is an ____ which ___ these receptors

A

agonist, activates

61
Q

what does caffeine do (2)

A

target PDE in adrenaline pathway as a competitive inhibitor

target adenosine receptors telling the brain its tired

62
Q

medical use of caffeine

A

help breathe and boost lung function

63
Q

morphine source and medical use

A

natural, fast acting analgesic

64
Q

heroin source and medical use

A

synthetic, none

65
Q

codeine source and medical use

A

synthetic, slow-acting analgesic (slowly converts into morphine by liver enzymes)

66
Q

fetanyl source and medical use

A

synthetic, extremely fast-acting analgesic

67
Q

Do to treat overdose

A

naloxone is an antagonist which blocks these receptors

68
Q

what do cannibinoids target

A

CB recpetors

69
Q

THC

A

increase in euphoria, decrease in pain, strong agonist

70
Q

CBD

A

decrease in euphoria, increase in pain, weak antagonist

71
Q

if there is more THC than CBD

A

intoxication

72
Q

Medical uses of cannibis

A 
multiple sclerosis (drug called savitex 1:1 TBC to CBD) 
sedation on endoscopic procedures

Biology 201 (8 decks)

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