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Biology > Topic 90-100 (tumors and shit) > Flashcards

Topic 90-100 (tumors and shit) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is the common feature of tumor suppressor proteins?

A

They are negative regulators of cell proliferation

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1
Q

What kind of mutation contributes to the tumorigenic activity of tumor suppressor genes?

A

Loss-of-function mutation

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2
Q

Name 3 tumor suppressor proteins!

A
  • Rb
  • P53
  • WT-1
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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Rb protein?

A

It inhibits certain transcription factors

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4
Q

What is the origin of rb gene mutation in the tumor cells of retinoblastoma patient who has the inherited form of disease

A

A germ-line mutation + a somatic mutation

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5
Q

Name 2 protein families whose expression can br induced by p53!

A
  • Repair protein

- Pro-apoptotic protei

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6
Q

What is the function of neurofimbromin protein?

A

Ras-GAP

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7
Q

Which tumor suppressor genes are implicated in breast cancer?

A
  • BRCA-1

- BRCA-2

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8
Q

Which tumor suppressor proteins are inhibited by the early proteinsof oncogenic DNA viruses (2)?

A
  • Rb

- p53

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9
Q

What is the function of mutator genes?

A

Maintainance of DNA integrity

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10
Q

What kind of mutator gene mutation increases the probabiliry of cancer?

A

Loss-of-function mutation

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11
Q

What epigenetic mechanism can lead to tumor suppressor gene inactivation?

A

Promoter hypermethylation

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12
Q

Name 2 proteins induced by the HIF-1 transcription factor!

A
  • VEGF

- VEGF- receptor

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of direct carcinogenes?

A

They cause mutation by binding to DNA

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14
Q

Name the stages of tumorigenesis (3)

A
  • Initiation
  • Promotion
  • Progretion
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15
Q

Name the carcinogenes which can only induce initiation!

A

Incomplete carcinogenes

16
Q

Name the carcinogenes which can induce the whole process of tumor formation!

A

Complete carcinogenes

17
Q

What kind of cellular mechanism is induced durin tumor initiation?

A

Mutation

18
Q

What is the role of phorbo l esters in tumor formation?

A

They act as promoters

19
Q

Which signal transduction pathway (enzyme) is simulated by phorbol esters?

A

Protein kinase C (PKC)

20
Q

Name a tumor promoter!

A

Oestrogen

21
Q

What is the cellular effect of tumor promoters?

A

They simulate proliferation

22
Q

Invasive carcinoma cells often acquire fibroblast-like features. What is the name of this phenomenon?

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

23
Q

Name a metastasis suppressor protein!

A

E-cadherin

24
Q

What kind of chromosome pairs are present in a human somatic cell?

A

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

25
Q

Name the type of mutation which is not passed on to the offspring!

A

Somatic mutation

26
Q

Name the type of mutation which is passed over to the offspring!

A

Germ-line mutation

27
Q

Which molecular biological method can be used to localize genes on a chromosome?

A

In situ hybridization

28
Q

What is the cause of sickle cell diesiese?

A

Point mutation in the Beta-globin gene

29
Q

Name two groups of diesiese where molecular diagnostic methode can be used!

A
  • Inherited disease

- Infectious disease

30
Q

Name two methods which are suitable for the identification of point mutations!

A
  • Southern Blotting

- PCR

31
Q

Name two methods suitable for the identification of the philadelphia translocation!

A
  • Southern Blotting

- PCR

32
Q

Name two methods for the identification of the deletion of a gene (or a portionof a gene)!

A
  • Southern Blotting

- PCR

33
Q

Name two methods which are suitable for the identification of an amplification of a gene!

A
  • Southern Blotting

- PCR

34
Q

Name two methods which are suitable for t he identification of microbes causing infectious diseases!

A
  • Southern Blotting

- PCR

35
Q

What does the abreviation of RFLP stand for?

A

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

36
Q

Name two vectors used in gene therapy!

A
  • Retrovirus

- Adenovirus

37
Q

Through what mechanism may retroviral gene therapy vectors cause severe complications?

A

Insertion mutagenesis

Biology (15 decks)

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