Topic 90-100 (tumors and shit)

Question 0

What is the common feature of tumor suppressor proteins?

Answer 0

They are negative regulators of cell proliferation

Question 1

What kind of mutation contributes to the tumorigenic activity of tumor suppressor genes?

Answer 1

Loss-of-function mutation

Question 2

Name 3 tumor suppressor proteins!

Answer 2

• Rb
• P53
• WT-1

Question 3

What is the mechanism of action of Rb protein?

Answer 3

It inhibits certain transcription factors

Question 4

What is the origin of rb gene mutation in the tumor cells of retinoblastoma patient who has the inherited form of disease

Answer 4

A germ-line mutation + a somatic mutation

Question 5

Name 2 protein families whose expression can br induced by p53!

Answer 5

• Repair protein

- Pro-apoptotic protei

Question 6

What is the function of neurofimbromin protein?

Answer 6

Ras-GAP

Question 7

Which tumor suppressor genes are implicated in breast cancer?

Answer 7

• BRCA-1

- BRCA-2

Question 8

Which tumor suppressor proteins are inhibited by the early proteinsof oncogenic DNA viruses (2)?

Answer 8

• Rb

- p53

Question 9

What is the function of mutator genes?

Answer 9

Maintainance of DNA integrity

Question 10

What kind of mutator gene mutation increases the probabiliry of cancer?

Answer 10

Loss-of-function mutation

Question 11

What epigenetic mechanism can lead to tumor suppressor gene inactivation?

Answer 11

Promoter hypermethylation

Question 12

Name 2 proteins induced by the HIF-1 transcription factor!

Answer 12

• VEGF

- VEGF- receptor

Question 13

What is the mechanism of action of direct carcinogenes?

Answer 13

They cause mutation by binding to DNA

Question 14

Name the stages of tumorigenesis (3)

Answer 14

• Initiation
• Promotion
• Progretion

Question 15

Name the carcinogenes which can only induce initiation!

Answer 15

Incomplete carcinogenes

Question 16

Name the carcinogenes which can induce the whole process of tumor formation!

Answer 16

Complete carcinogenes

Question 17

What kind of cellular mechanism is induced durin tumor initiation?

Answer 17

Mutation

Question 18

What is the role of phorbo l esters in tumor formation?

Answer 18

They act as promoters

Question 19

Which signal transduction pathway (enzyme) is simulated by phorbol esters?

Answer 19

Protein kinase C (PKC)

Question 20

Name a tumor promoter!

Answer 20

Oestrogen

Question 21

What is the cellular effect of tumor promoters?

Answer 21

They simulate proliferation

Question 22

Invasive carcinoma cells often acquire fibroblast-like features. What is the name of this phenomenon?

Answer 22

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Question 23

Name a metastasis suppressor protein!

Answer 23

E-cadherin

Question 24

What kind of chromosome pairs are present in a human somatic cell?

Answer 24

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

Question 25

Name the type of mutation which is not passed on to the offspring!

Answer 25

Somatic mutation

Question 26

Name the type of mutation which is passed over to the offspring!

Answer 26

Germ-line mutation

Question 27

Which molecular biological method can be used to localize genes on a chromosome?

Answer 27

In situ hybridization

Question 28

What is the cause of sickle cell diesiese?

Answer 28

Point mutation in the Beta-globin gene

Question 29

Name two groups of diesiese where molecular diagnostic methode can be used!

Answer 29

- Inherited disease | - Infectious disease

Question 30

Name two methods which are suitable for the identification of point mutations!

Answer 30

- Southern Blotting | - PCR

Question 31

Name two methods suitable for the identification of the philadelphia translocation!

Answer 31

- Southern Blotting | - PCR

Question 32

Name two methods for the identification of the deletion of a gene (or a portionof a gene)!

Answer 32

- Southern Blotting | - PCR

Question 33

Name two methods which are suitable for the identification of an amplification of a gene!

Answer 33

- Southern Blotting | - PCR

Question 34

Name two methods which are suitable for t he identification of microbes causing infectious diseases!

Answer 34

- Southern Blotting | - PCR

Question 35

What does the abreviation of RFLP stand for?

Answer 35

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Question 36

Name two vectors used in gene therapy!

Answer 36

- Retrovirus | - Adenovirus

Question 37

Through what mechanism may retroviral gene therapy vectors cause severe complications?

Answer 37

Insertion mutagenesis