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BIOL 108 > Topic 9: The Origin Of Life > Flashcards

Topic 9: The Origin Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

The ability to change over time in response to the environment

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2
Q

What is a virus

A

A parasitic entity that exploits an organism to do basic functions.

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3
Q

What do viruses have

A

Nucleic acids to replicate, mutate and respond to natural selection

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4
Q

What do viruses lack?

A

Metabolism, homeostasis, and cant reproduce

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5
Q

Do we consider viruses to be alive

A

No

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6
Q

Three eons of geologic records

A

Archean, proerozoic and phanerozoic

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7
Q

______ includes the last half billion years and ecompassesses multicellular eukaryotic life

A

Phanerozoic

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8
Q

List the three eras of the phanerozoic eon

A

Paleozoic, mesozoic and cenozoic

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9
Q

_____ provides evidence of evolutionary history

A

Fossils

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10
Q

Fossil records are _____ and ____

A

Biased, incomplete

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11
Q

Why are fossils biased and incomplete?

A
  • not all organisms were fossilized
  • require burial sediment to form
  • some organisms were fossilized under some conditions
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12
Q

Types of fossil records

A

Cast, replacement, trace or preserved fossil

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13
Q

Fossil type formed when minerals fill space in sediment where organisms decays, making a mold of the organism

A

Cast

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14
Q

Fossil type where fossils have their tissues replaced by minerals

A

Replacement (petrified fossils)

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15
Q

Fossil that record evidence of behaviour such as footprints, burrows, feces

A

Trace

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16
Q

Fossil type that retain orginial organic materual (carbon films, amber, frozen, etc)

A

Preserved

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17
Q

Two ways to determine the age of a fossil

A

Relative dating and radiometric dating

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18
Q

Relative dating

A

Analyzing and comparing positions of sedimentary strata. Helps tells which fossil came first, second, third

19
Q

Challenges to relative dating

A
  • Sediments become tipped or shifted during land movements
  • gaps in the sediment
  • does not provide the absolute age of a fossil/ how long it was created
20
Q

Radiometric dating (absolute dating)

A

Analyzing the radioactive decay and the half life of isotopes (example carnbon 14 and carbon 12, potassium dating)

21
Q

Plate tetonic theory

A

Theory that earths crust is composed of large plates that have been moving slowly through continential drift around 3.4 billion years ago

22
Q

______ causes tectonic plates to collide, separate or slide past eachother

A

Continential

23
Q

Interactions between different plates/ continential drift cause:

A

Mountains, islands, earthquakes

24
Q

Tectonic boundaries are sites of…

A

Volcanoes, earthquakes

25
Q

What are the three consequences during than phanerozoic era

A

1.) Formation of pangea reduced shallow water habitats , colder and drier climate inland, deepining of ocean basins

2.) influenced biodiversity through mass extinction, change in climate, speciation

3.) distribution of fossils show evidence of geological movement

26
Q

One way extinction generally occurs

A

When a species can not adapt properly or respond to changes in the environment

27
Q

What are mass extinctions a result of

A

Disruptive global environmental changes

28
Q

Most fossil records show that most species are extinct. True or false

A

True

29
Q

Permian mass extinction

A

Most severe extinction event that happened between paleozoic and mesozoic era, hypothesied cause was due to volcanic activity, little fossil records

30
Q

Cretaceous mass exctinction

A

Separates mesozoic anfrom cenozoic, only 20% of families went extinct , hypothesized cause was through a meteorite impact

31
Q

What is the 6th extinction and what is the cuase of

A

Holocene extinction is caused by human activity of overpopulation and overconsumption

32
Q

Mass exctinction can lead to _____ radiation

A

Adaptive

33
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Rapid speciation and diversification of adapted species. Occurs when there is a change in the environment that makes new ecological niches available

34
Q

3 things that adaptive radiation may arise

A

1) mass extinction

2) evolution of novel characteristics

3) colonization of new regions

35
Q

How can adaptive radiation arise from mass extinction?

A

Eliminating species makes more resources available and paves the way for adaptive radiation

36
Q

What is evolution of novel characteristics

A

Adaptive radiation and arise of new species such as photosynthetic prokaryotes, land plants, insects, etc

37
Q

How did life most likely begin

A

The conditions of early earth caused chemical reactions that gave a arise to molecules of life

38
Q

Stages that started life

A

1) abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules (inorganic to organic)

2) organic molecules into organic polymers

3) packaging molecules into protocells

4) origin of self-replicating molecules

39
Q

Two possible wats or how organic molecules arised

A

1) terrestrial origins: organic molecule synthesis driven by energy soruces such as UV light and electric discharges

2) extraterrestrial orgin: formation of organic molecules due to extraterrestrial objects coming to earth

40
Q

Hypothesized causations of abiotic synthesis

A

The atmosphere rich in methane and ammonia, near volcanic sites, deep sea hydrothermal vents in both reducing and non reducing environments

41
Q

What is the cause of spontaneous polymerization of organic molecules

A

Wetting and drying cycles of water on hot surfaces may have caused concentration of small organic molecules into polymers. Minerals trigger polymerization

42
Q

Protocell

A

Fluid like vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane structure that formed spontaneously

43
Q

Earliest genetic material is hypothesized to be

A

RNA

44
Q

Wha was the great oxygenation event

A

Accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere due to prokaryotes. Some prokaryokes evolved to be aerobic and anaerobic

BIOL 108 (27 decks)

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