Topic 13: Evolution Of Land Plants

Question 1

Many characteristics found in land plants are present in various of ___ clades, expecially ___

Answer 1

Protist, algae

Question 2

Plants possess a cell wall made of ___

Answer 2

Cellulose

Question 3

Plants store photosynthetic sugars as ____ in ____

Answer 3

Starch, plastids

Question 4

Who did land plants evolve from?

Answer 4

Green algae

Question 5

Charophytes

Answer 5

Freshwater green algae

Question 6

Many charophyte algae inhabit shallow freshwater habits to avoid drying. Why is this so?

Answer 6

Because natural selection favours individuals that can survive for long periods when not submerged in water

Question 7

Charophytes and land plants share traits in the common ancestor of clade _____

Answer 7

Streptophyta

Question 8

What are the three Shared derived traits of streptophyta

Answer 8

1) rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins anchored in a plasma membrane

2) homologous structure of flagellated sperm

3) phragmoplast formation during cell division

Question 9

What do synthesized cellulose proteins do to a plant

Answer 9

The glucose polymers provide structural rigidity to the cell wall

Question 10

True or false: not all plants sperm possess flagella

Answer 10

True

Question 11

What does the process Phragmoplast formation do

Answer 11

Aids in constructing a ccell wall plate that merges with an existing cell wall, which separates the two daughter cells

Question 12

What is the strictest definition of kingdom plantae

Answer 12

Clade embryophyta (plants with embryos)

Question 13

Advantages of charophytes moving to land

Answer 13

Low competition, increased photosynthesis, abundant co2, rich soil, fewer threats (herbivores and pathogens)

Question 14

Some challenges to charophytes mocving to land

Answer 14

Scarce water lack of structural support

Question 15

How did charophytes succomb to challenges moving to land

Answer 15

Plants have adapted to these conditions that help enhance their survival out of water

Question 16

What is sporopollenin

Answer 16

A durable polymer in the cell wall of plants made of C.H.O. It protects charophyte zygotes and other plants from UV light, desiccation and physical stress

Question 17

Desiccation

Answer 17

Water scarcity

Question 18

Where is sporopollenin found in?

Answer 18

Cell walls of spores and pollen of plants

Question 19

What are the 4 adaptations that helped plants cope on land

Answer 19

1) sporophollenin (cell wall)

2) adaptation for water conservation

3) vascular tissue

4) compartmentalization

Question 20

What is the function of a waxy cuticle in a plant

Answer 20

It acts as a protective layer that covers the epidermus, mitigating the removal of moisture and microbial attacks

Question 21

What two parts of the plant aid in waterconservation?

Answer 21

Waxy cuticle and the stomata

Question 22

What is a stomata

Answer 22

Tiny pores in the epidermis of leaves and and photosynthetic organs that open in close to minimize water loss. Serves as sites as evaporation

Question 23

____ transports water and minerals from roots and shoots

Answer 23

Xylem

Question 24

A complex polymer that strengthens and waterproofs xylem cell walls

Answer 24

Lignin

Question 25

Living cells that distribute soluble organic compounds produced during photosynthesis

Answer 25

Phloem

Question 26

What do vascular tissues provide for a plant?

Answer 26

Rigidity (helps eeep the plant standing) and water and nutrient transport

Question 27

Roots spread underground seeking ____ and ____. While shoots seek ____ and ___

Answer 27

Water and minerals/nutrients Light and gases

Question 28

To promote plant growth, what does elongation and branching do?

Answer 28

Helps enhance survival by exposing the plant to environmental resources

Question 29

What are 5 shared derived traits of land plants

Answer 29

Alternation of generations Multicellular dependant embryos Walled spores Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems

Question 30

The life cycle of a plant alternates between two ________ _______

Answer 30

Multicellular generations

Question 31

Diploid 2n is responsible for dispersal

Answer 31

Sporophyte

Question 32

How do diploids sporophytes arise?

Answer 32

By the fusion of gametes via fertilization

Question 33

Sporophytes produce _______ _____ by ______

Answer 33

Haploid spores, meiosis

Question 34

_____ is specialized for fertilization

Answer 34

Haploid (1n)

Question 35

What does the gametophyte (haploid) produce?

Answer 35

Haploid gametes by MITOSIS

Question 36

Alternation of generations occur in brown algae but not in ______

Answer 36

Charophytes

Question 37

Alternation of generations arised in land plants by the addition of ____

Answer 37

Sporophytes (multicellular diploid generation)

Question 38

Land plants are considered _____ due to the embryo dependancy on the _____

Answer 38

Embryophytes, gametophyte

Question 39

How would you distinguish a land plant from a charophyte

Answer 39

Analyzing embryos

Question 40

Land plants retain multicellular diploid embryos within tissues of _________

Answer 40

Female gametophyte

Question 41

Walled spores are produced inn ______

Answer 41

Sporangia

Question 42

How are spores produced

Answer 42

Within tstructures in the sporophyte called sporangia

Question 43

What is a diploid cell called?

Answer 43

SporoCYTES

Question 44

Gametophytes produce gametes by _____

Answer 44

Mitosis

Question 45

Gametangia

Answer 45

Multicellular structures where gametes are produced by mitosis

Question 46

Archegonia

Answer 46

Female gametangia

Question 47

Antheridia

Answer 47

Male gametangia

Question 48

What are apical meristems

Answer 48

Regions of cell division at the shoot and root tips that enable continous growth.

Question 49

Cuticle

Answer 49

Waxy layer of a plant that minimizes water lost and shields against microbial threats

Question 50

Gaurd cells

Answer 50

Regulate water loss by opening and closing the stomata

Question 51

Mycorrhizae

Answer 51

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plan roots that assist in nutrient acquisition (specifically in early land plants lacking roots)

Question 52

Timeline of plant evolution:

Answer 52

Cynobacteria->green algae->land plants

Question 53

Land plants are classified based on the presence of _______

Answer 53

Vascular tissues

Question 54

Non vascular plants are called ____

Answer 54

Bryophytes

Question 55

Bryophytes are not a _____ group

Answer 55

Monophyletic

Question 56

Two clades of seedless vascular plants

Answer 56

Lycophytes and monilophytes (pteridophytes)

Question 57

Are seedless vascular plants polyphyletic of paraphyletic

Answer 57

Paraphyletic

Question 58

What are seed plants characterized by?

Answer 58

Characterized by seeds containing an embryo and nutrients enclosed in a protective coat

Question 59

Tow clades of seed plants

Answer 59

Gymnosperms and angiosperms ( flowering plants, the most dominant group)