Topic 17: Seed Plants Flashcards
The term for a flowering plant with two key reproductive adaptations
Angiosperms
What are the two reproduction adaptations in angiosperms
Flowers and fruits
What is the phylum for angiosperms
Anthophyta (antho=flower)
What are the “three F’s angiosperms are characterized by/feature shared derived traits in angiosperms?”
Flowers, double fertiliztion (seed in endosperm) and fruits
What is a flower
A specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves
List The four types of modified leaves in a flower
Sepals (enclose the flower), petals (brightly coloured for pollinators), stamens (produce pollen) and carpels ( produce ovules)
Modified leaf in the flower that produces pollen
Stamen
Modified leaves in the structure that produce ovules
Carpels
Stamens and carpels are ____ organs (highly modified sporophylls)
While sepals andd petals are _____ structures
Reproductive
Sterile
A term to address a cluster of flowers
Inflorescences
The stamen (microsporophyll) has a stalk (_____) topper by an ____ containing pollen sacs (______) that produce pollen
Filament,
Anther,
Microsporangia
How many pollen sacs per anther
2-4
Structure in a flower where pollen is received
The stigma
What is the name of a structure when one or more carpels in a flower fuse
Pistil
Are the majority of angiosperm flowers complete or incomplete?
Complete
What does it ean when angiosperm flowers are complete
- they contain all floral organs
- have male and female parts
Hoe many male gametophytes are in a pollen grain
Two
What are the two male gametophyte in the pollen grain enclosed by
Enclosed by a tough sporopollenin rich outer wall
Where does pollen develop from
Microspores (within the microsporangia/pollen sac of anthers)
Each microspore undergo ____ to cproduce to-celled male gametophyte
Mitosis
What does a generative cell develop
Sperm nuclei
What does a tube cell form?
Pollen tube sac that i ecessary for fertilization
Each ovule consists of ___ integuments surrounded by the _____
Two, megasporium
How many megaspores are produced by meiosis and how many usually survive
4 megaspores, usually one survives
The megaspore undergoes mitotic divisions, producing ___-____ gametophyte
7-celled
Polar nuclei
Large cell within the female gametophyte that contain two nuclei
Summary of pollination in angiosperm
Pollen gets transfered from the anther to the stigma
3 things that happen after pollination
- tube cell makes a pollen tube
- generative cell undergoes mitosis, making two sperm nuclei
- pollen tube grows down into the ovary releasing the sperm nuclei
What is double fetilization
When the pollen tube discharges two sperm nuclei into the embryo sac (female gametophyte) within an ovule
What is the fate of the two sperm in double fertilization
- formation of a zygote (one sperm fuses with egg)
- the other combines with 2 polar nuclei that make a triploid engosperm nuclues
What is the endosperm
The food storage supply in angiosperms/in a seed
Do all seeds have endosperm
No
How does seed typically begin after double fermentation
Triploid endosperm nucleus undergoes mitosis multiple times to create starchy food tissues for the embryo (the food supply)
What happens after double fermentation
Fetilized ovule develops into a seed then the ovary devolops into a fruit that encloses the seed
Fruit formation occurs as the sporotphyte ovary wall ___ and ___
Thickens and matures
The two primary functions of fruit (besides eating a yummy snack)
- protect seeds
- assisting in seed dispersal (animal poop, wind, water)
Two categries of fruit based on characteristics
- dry fruits
- fleshy fruits
Fruit type that result from drying out of the ovary at maturity (example dandelions)
Dry fruits
Fruit tye that are categorized by an ovary that becomes thick, soft, and often sweet at maturity
Fleshy fruit
4 development rigins of fruits
- simple fruits
- aggreate fruits
- multiple fruits
- accessory fruits
Fruits development type that develop from a single carpel or several fused carpels
Simple fruit
Fruit development type that originae from a single flower with multiple seperate carpels
Aggregate fruits
Fruits that arise from a cluster of flowers termed an inflorescence
Multiple fruits
Fruits that contain other floral parts in addition to ovaries
Accessory fruits
Continue at adaptive advantages of angiosperm fertilization
Ok!
