Topic 9 -Spatial Population Distribution

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

A group of individuals of the same species living together

Question 2

Population ecology

Answer 2

Are the processes of birth, death, migration that influence the abundance and distribution patterns of groups of organisms

Question 3

Population structure is characterized by

Answer 3

Spatial structure

age/size structure

genetic structure

Question 4

Spatial structure

Answer 4

How individuals organize themselves in space:

geographic distribution/range patterns of dispersal
patterns of dispersion
population size

Question 5

Age/size structure

Answer 5

Number of individuals in each age/size class

Demographic rates (birth, death, migration) of individuals change throughout their lifetime

Question 6

Genetic structure

Answer 6

Genetic composition of all individuals combined within the population

Question 7

Geographical distribution range

Answer 7

Geographical area in which a species occurs

Determined by presence of suitable environmental conditions and resources

Question 8

Habitat patch

Answer 8

An area of homogeneous environmental conditions

Contain suitable conditions and resources needed to sustain a population

Question 9

Habitat patches can be heterogeneously distributed over the range separated by unsuitable habitat which results in many

Answer 9

Local populations Of species within a range (sub populations)

Question 10

Meta populations

Answer 10

the collective of all subpopulations

Question 11

Ecology typically occurs at the level of the________rather than the entire population over its entire geographic range

Answer 11

Sub population

Question 12

Movement of individuals in space is referred to as

Answer 12

Dispersal

Question 13

Movement of individuals among the sub populations is key to the dynamics of

Answer 13

Metapopulations

Question 14

With animals dispersal is active but many use passive means like

Answer 14

Wind and water

Wind carries the young of spiders and moths

Larval forms of many invertebrates or carry down stream by currents

Question 15

Plants tend to move at the level of speed

Dispersal of seeds involves

Answer 15

Gravity, wind, water and animals

Question 16

Plants have adaptations designed for increased dispersal such as

Answer 16

Release of fluid pressure allows some plants to physically eject seeds a considerable distance

Buoyancy allows fruit/seeds to be carried away by water

Other plants use sugar rewards to attract herbivores, incentive to consume the fruit and transport seeds to another location

Fruits and seeds armed with hooks and spines to catch on the fur of animals

Question 17

Dispersal

Answer 17

Movement of individuals away from a place of birth or areas of high population density

Question 18

Immigration

Answer 18

Movement of individuals into a population

Question 19

Emigration

Answer 19

Movement of individuals out of a population

Question 20

The degree of interaction among local populations depends on

Answer 20

Ability of individuals to disperse between habitat patches:
Distance between, suitability of environment

Habitat patch size and quality:
Larger/higher quality patches tend to support more individuals

Question 21

Patterns of dispersion

Answer 21

Random

uniform

clumped

Question 22

Random dispersion

Answer 22

Individuals have no influence on each other

resources are randomly scattered across the Range

Question 23

Uniform dispersion

Answer 23

Individuals engage in negative interactions such as intense competition for space

Individual space themselves evenly to minimize interactions

Question 24

Clumped dispersion

Answer 24

Most common type of distribution where individuals form groups or clusters

patchy resource distribution or environmental conditions

Social tendencies

cloning

Question 25

types of individuals that can make a population

Answer 25

Unitary individuals

modular individuals

Question 26

Modular individuals

Answer 26

Consist of many interconnected units derived from the same zygote example plants

Modular individuals can exist separately and be physiologically Independent

Question 27

Unitary individuals

Answer 27

Physically and genetically distinct individuals each arising from a genetically distinct zygote example humans

Question 28

Genets

Answer 28

Genetically distinct individuals each derived from a single zygote (sexual reproduction)

Question 29

Ramets

Answer 29

Modules with the potential to exist separately (genetically identical, asexual reproduction)

Question 30

Conservation

Answer 30

If a population of ramets, They will have no genetic variation and be less likely to adapt to environmental changes resulting in a high risk of extinction

Question 31

Accurate estimates to count populations combine

Answer 31

Geographical range

patterns of dispersal

Question 32

Local density equals

Answer 32

Number of individuals per unit area

Question 33

Methods of estimation

Answer 33

Quadrat sampling

Line transects

Mark-recapture

Question 34

Quadrat sampling

Answer 34

Count individuals contained in a fraction of an area

Best on immobile organisms

Question 35

Line transects

Answer 35

Measure distance to observe specimens while walking a straight line

Use of formulas to estimate population size

Question 36

Mark-recapture

Answer 36

Create an identifiable mark on all specimens captured in first sample

Sample again an estimate population size based on the proportion recapture