Topic 9 and Topic 3

Question 1

Defina fatigue in sports

Answer 1

A reversible exercise-induced decline in performance

Question 2

Different types of fatigue

Answer 2

Peripheral fatigue: develops rapidly and is caused by reduced muscle cell force =======

Central (or mental) fatigue: develops during prolonged exercise and is caused by impaired function of the central nervous system

Question 3

Distinguish between high-intensity and endurance activity

Answer 3

high-intensity: vigorous amount of intense activity that may last for less than a second or as long as 1-2 minutes (some interval trainning, plyometrics) The major source of energy are derived from anaerobic processes

Endurance activities: involve prolongued sessions of low-intensity activity that may last from several minutes to several hours (leisure cycling or jogging) major sources of energy is aerobic processes

Question 4

Discuss causes of fatigue in different types of activity or exercise

Answer 4

fatigue is perceived differently by individuals and can depend on factors such as age as well as specific type of activity carried out

Physical level the development of peripheral fatigue in high-intensity activities depends on the rate of:
Depletion of energy sources (creatine phosphate and ATP)
Increase in levels of the products of exercise such as lactate and hydrogen ions

Physiological causes of PF in endurance activies include:
Depletion of muscle and liver glycogen reserves
reduction in CA2+ release
Depletion of acetylcholine
Dehydration
electrolyte loss
overheating

Central fatigue is a significant factor in many endurance sports cause by failure of neural transmission (less number of motor units involved reduction of unit firing frequency)

Question 5

Discuss recovery from fatigue after sports

Answer 5

different aspects of recovery can occur at different rates and recovery rate also depends on the type of activity (high-intensity, team sports or endurance)
Include:
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) for:
-resynthesis of ATP and PCr
-removal of lactic acid
-restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood
-restore thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature
-thermogenic effects of hormones
-restore elevated heart rate, ventilation and other physiological functions
Replacement of muscle and liver glycogen stores

Question 6

Graph of time it takes for oxygen consumption

Question 7

graph on page 70

Question 8

List the macronutrients and micronutrients

Answer 8

Macro: Water, carbohydrates (glucose), lipids and protein

micro: Vitamins and Minerals

Question 9

Functions of macronutrients

Answer 9

Macro: present in diet in large amounts and make up the bulk of our diets providing the body with energy. Made up of: 50-60% of carbohydrates, 12-15% of protein and less than 30% fat

Question 10

Function of micronutrients

Answer 10

very small amounts of our diets
Micronutrients don´t provide energy
essential nutrients: they are dispensable to life processes and can only be obtained from food

Question 11

chemical composition of glucose molecule

Answer 11

Carbon, hidrogen and oxygen
C6H12O6
1:2:1 ratio

Question 12

Identify a glucose molecule

Question 13

basic units of carbohydrates

Answer 13

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose
link to form disaccharides through a condensation reaction: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) and lactose (glucose+galactose)
Polysaccharides (10 or more like glycogen stored form of glucose in liver and muscles or starch)

Condensation reaction: links monosaccharides disaccharides or polyssacharides by the removal of a water molecule

Question 14

Functions of macro

Answer 14

Carbs: primary fuel source
Lipids/fats: energy storage structural components of membrane
Protein: promotes growth and repair of muscle tissue
water: transports nutrients, waste products/thermoregulation/ helps maintain blood pressure

Question 15

triacylglycerol

Answer 15

formed from a single molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids
Ester bonds form between each fatty acid and glycerol molecule

Question 16

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

Chemical composition:
Saturated-have no double bonds between individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain
originate from animal sources or tropical plants (tropical oils, full-fat dairy…) solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Originate from plant-based foods (olive oil, olives…) liquid at room temperature

Question 17

what do micro do

Answer 17

Vitamins and minerals: boost the immune system, support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs.

Question 18

Chemical composition of protein

Answer 18

C,H,O and N

Question 19

Essential and non-essential amino acid

Answer 19

Essential: cant be synthesyzed by the body, must be consumed

Non-essential can be synthesized by the human body

Question 20

Current recommendations for health diet

Answer 20

Carbs 45-65%
fats 10-35 %
protein 20-30%

Reduce daily sodium intake
adequate water
variety of protein
keep trans fatty acid consumption down
reduce the intake of calories from saturated fats and added sugars

Question 21

State the appropriate energy contente per 100g

Answer 21

Carbs: 1760KJ
Lipids 4000KJ
Protein 1720KJ

Question 22

how recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differ between endurance athlets and non-athelets

Answer 22

Much more Carbs
protein and fat slightly higher

Question 23

Metabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism

Answer 23

Metabolism: All biochemical reactions that occur within an organism
Anabolism: energy requiring reactions small molecules become larger
Catabolism: chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones with the net release of energy

Question 24

Glycogen

Answer 24

stored form of glucose made of connected glucose molecules stored in the liver and muscles

fatty acids are not in the liver

Question 25

triglyceride storage

Answer 25

adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 26

role of insulin in formation of glycogen and accumulation of body fat

Answer 26

chemoreceptors detect high blood sugar level
insulin goes from pancreas to blood stream to compound all glucose and make glycogen or body fat to make triglycerirol

Question 27

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 27

glycogenolysis: breakdown of two glucose molecules to release into the blood stream and increase blood sugar level

Lipolysis: lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into glycerol and free fatty acids

Question 28

function of adrenaline and glucagon during fasting and exercise

Answer 28

blood sugar level drops
adrenaline initiates flight or fight by initiating the release of glucagon into the tissue which catabolizes glycogen to glucose increasing

during fasting blood sugar level drops so glucagon comes in but not adrenaline

Question 29

role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

Answer 29

sugar is released to the blood stream insulin pushes sugar from the blood stream to the muscle. muscle contractions send signals to initiate the process

Question 30

Annotate diagrams of animal cell and mitochondria

Question 31

Cell respiration

Answer 31

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells

Question 32

How can adenosine gain and loose a phosphate

Question 33

role of ATP in muscle contraction

Answer 33

ATP breaks down releasing phosphate molecule which provides energy for muscle contractions

Question 34

re-synthesis of ATP by ATP CP system

Answer 34

Creatine Phosphate a high energy molecule is broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the resynthesis of ATP that has been utilized during the initial stages of exercise

Question 35

ATP by lactic system

Answer 35

anaerobic glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid which limits the amount of ATP produced

Question 36

Oxygen deficit and debt

Answer 36

At the beggining of exercise there is oxygen deficit, this debt needs to be payed off post-exercise EPOC is this pay-off

Question 37

describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system

Answer 37

in presence of oxygen pyruvate is processed by the krabs cycle which liberates electrons that are passed through the electron transport chain producing ATP

Fats are broken down by beta oxidation that liberates a greater number of electrons, more ATP

In the presence of oxygen and in extreme cases protein is also utilized

Question 38

the systems analysis table

Answer 38

ATP-PC
Creatine phosphate
10-15 sec
Maximal
1 ATP
Phosphate and Creatine By products
very quick re-synthesis

Lactic Acid
Glucose
1-2 min
Maximal
2 ATPs
Lactic Acid
Quickly

Aerobic system
glucose, fats and protein
up to 2 hours
sub-maximal
36-38 ATPs
Carbon dioxide and water
Slowly

Question 39

How does adenosine gain and lose a phosphate molecule

Answer 39

Hydrolysis of ATP:

When ATP is broken down into ADP (or ADP into AMP) through hydrolysis, a phosphate group (Pi) is released.
Additionally, energy is released as a by-product, which the cell uses for various activities.
The water molecule (H₂O) used in hydrolysis is also important, as it breaks the bond between the phosphate groups.

During phosphorylation (when a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP), the energy required typically comes from other reactions, such as the breakdown of food molecules during cellular respiration.
The energy used for phosphorylation is often derived from the breakdown of molecules like glucose.
The by-product of the reactions that provide this energy (like glucose breakdown) is usually carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O), depending on the metabolic pathway

Question 40

a lactic system

Answer 40

atp pc