Topic 6 Flashcards
Error bars
graphical representation of the variation of data
Short’ Error Bar - values are
concentrated, signalling that the plotted
average value is more likely
‘Long’ Error Bar - values
are more spread out and less reliable.
Calculate the mean and standard deviation
mean: add all and divide
Go to statistics
Plot the numbers on the table (x values= independent)
Go to calc
Put the number of variables
and Sample
Standard deviation
used to summarize the spread of values around the mean
within a normal distribution 68% and 95% of the values are within 1 and 2 standard deviations
Standard deviation is used to compare the means between two samples
small standard deviation-data is clustered closely around the mean
Large means wider spread around the mean
coefficient of variantion
ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage
T-tests
statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups and
measure the amount of overlap between the two groups
sample of at least 10
normal distribution
Two-tailed
assumes that the difference between means could favour either group
paired
difference between 2 variables for the same subject
unpaired
compares means of 2 independant groups to determine if there is a significant difference
correlation does not mean causation
correlation: statistical measure that shows that two variables are linear related
Causation is one causes the other
specificity
test is specific to research question
Accurate
accuracy of equipment (human error)
Reliability
conditions are kept the same throughout the experiment
Validity
The experiment measures what it claims to measure, without many confounding variables
importance of PAR-Q
Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire: assesses the readiness of an individual to partake in physical activity
Study design
set of methods and procedures used to collect and analyze data on variables specified in a particular research problem
control groups; not exposed to the independent variable
Placebo: a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no effect
Bliding: subjects are blided to the expected result of the experiment
Double-bliding: Both the subjects and the experimentors are blided to the espected result of the experiment
Evaluate field, laboratory, sub-maximal and maximal tests of human performance
Sub-maximal test (harvard test), maximal tests (legar beep test), field test (12 cooper) and Lad tests (VO2 max)
Sub-maximal test
Athlete works below max effort and data is extrapolated to estimate max capacity.
Pros: prevents injury
Easy /safe
Time/ cost efficient
Cons: Depends on extrapolation
small measurement inaccuracies can
result in large discrepancies
Maximal test
athlete works at maximum effort
Pros: Accurate
Cons: Risk of injury
motivation
Can´t be sure if its max effort
Field test
More confounding, less controled variables
Pros: Specific to the sport
Increased ecological validity
Cons: Environment can effect test results
Low internal validity
Lab tests
Controled environment
Pros: Stimulate sports demands
Sport specific equipment
Cons: Expensive
Not accesible
Not in sport environment
Not done with team sports
Health-related fitness
factors that are physiologically based and determine the ability of an
individual to meet the demands of the activity
body composition (proportion of an individual´s total body mass made up of fat and fat-free masses)
cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity)
flexibility (ability to move through full range of movement around a joint)
muscular endurance (ability of a muscle or muscle group to maintain force or power)
strength (ability to generate force by a muscle or muscle group)
Fitness-related components
factors that are based upon the neuromuscular system and determine how successful a person can perform a specific skil
Agility (ability to rapidly change direction or speed)
balance (stability of the body)
coordination ( the ability to execute smooth, accurate, controlled motor responses)
power (rate of doing work)
reaction time (duration between the presentation of a stimulus and the associated response)
speed (change of distance with respect to time movement occurs)
Agility, balance, coordination could become health-related for certain groups: elderly and hypokinetic diseases
Major components of fitness
Agility
Balance
Speed
Muscular endurance
strength
flexibility
Reaction time
Body composition
Coordination
Power
Cardio resperatory fitness
Evaluate a variety of fitness tests
Aerobic capacity -
Multi-stage
Harvard Step test
Cooper´s 12 min run
Minimal equipment
Simple to set up and conduct
multiple athelets can do it at the same time
Test can be administered by the athlete
400m track required
Assistant required to administer the test
Flexibility -
Sit and reach
minimal equipment
simple to set up
Can be done almost anywhere
Specialist equipment (the box)
Assistant required
Muscle endurance -
Max sit up/push up test
minimal equipment
simple to set up and conduct
can be done almost anywhere
assistant is required
Agility -
Illinois
minimal equipment
simple to set up and conduct
can be done almost anywhere
can be administered by the athlete
cones are needed
assistant required
Strength -
hand Grip
Minimal equipment
simple to set up
can be done almost anywhere
Specialist equipment
assistant required
Speed -
40m sprint
minimal equipment
simple to set up nd conduct
can be administered by the athlete
can be done indoors or outdoors
assistant required to administer the test
Body composition -
body mass index: weight in kl divided by square hight in m
Anthropometry: body length, width and circunference
Underwater weighing: density of the body
Balance -
Stork test
simple to set up
can be done anywhere
easy to administer
never occurs in real sporting situations
Coordination -
Hand wall test
easy to set up
minimal equipment
technique effects
the time period causes pressure impacting performance
Reaction Time -
Ruler drop test
minimal equipment
simple to set up and conduct
assistant required to administer the test
Power -
Vertical/long jump
easy to set up
minimal equipment
can be administered by the athelet
can be done anywhere
hard to control chalk
difficult to jump with arm outstretched
technique is important
only tests leg power
environment can impact
leg length varies
Essential elements of a general training program
Warm-up and stretching activities: Prepare the body for exercise by increasing blood flow to the muscles and enhancing flexibility, reducing the risk of injury
Endurance training: Activities aimed to improving cardiovascular health and stamina, such as running
Cool-down and stretching activities: To gradually lower heart rate and relax muscles post-exercise, reducing muscle soreness and improving flexibility
Flexibility training: Specific exercises targeting range of motion and joint flexibility (yoga)
Resistance training: Utilizing weights resistance bands, bodyweight exercises to build strength, muscle mass, and bone density
Incorporation of recreational activities and sports: Adding enjoyable activities keep motivation high because it keeps things interesting and prevents boredom
key principles of a training program design
SPORT P
Specific: Training is specific to a sport and movements of that sport or fitness activity
Progression: Bodies adapt to exercises, changing routine overtime prevents the body from getting used to it and boredom (intensity, difficulty)
Overload: Gradually increasing level of stress on the body (frequency, intensity, duration or different types of the same exercise)
Baseline fitness — training overload —-recovery —- improved baseline
Reversibility: People lose exercise progress when they stop exercising, can be reversed when training resumes (older—more reversibility)
Variety: Sessions use multiple training types and methods (prevent boredom, ensure complete and full development of fitness)
Periodization: Organized approach to trainning that involves progressive cycling of various aspects of a training
Ways in which exercise intensity can be monitored
Direct methods - accurate but expensive
Measure VO2 Max
Percentage of VO2 max reserve
Indirect methods -
Hear rate based upon relationship with VO2 max certain exercise is a percentage of HR max
Training heart rate range/zone (max HR - Rest HR) times intensity 0.5 + Rest HR
Karvonen method - calculates the target heart rate in an exercise HRrest+ 0.35(HRmax-HRrest)
Rating of perceived exercion (borg - adults 6-20, OMN teens 0-10, CEPT children 0-10
very light: 50 - 60
light: 60 - 70
Moderate: 70 - 80
Hard: 80 - 90
P value
p«0.05
