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Sports Science > Topic 2, topic 7, topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 2, topic 7, topic 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

brain needs

A

oxygen and nutrients

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2
Q

2 sets of vessels

A

left and right carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries

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3
Q

Caroid arteries

A

external: supply blood to the face and scalp
Internal: supply blood to most of the cerebrum

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4
Q

Artery that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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5
Q

Blood-Brain-Barrier

A

protects the brain from foreign substances that may injure the brain, maintains a constant environment for the brain
it is a highly selective barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS

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6
Q

principal source of energy for brain cells

A

The brain obtains energy using glucose and oxygen, which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells
Glucose and oxygen are used to make ATP inside the brain by the process of aerobic respiration
Carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous
If blood entering the brain has low glucose or oxygen levels, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions and loss of conciousness may occur

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7
Q

Brain stem function

A

respiratory and cardiovascular control centres

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8
Q

Diencephalon function

A

Thalamus - perception of sensations; cognition
Hypothalamus - Control of autonomic nervous system, heart rate and blood pressure, pituitary gland, body temperature, appetite, thirst, fluid and electrolyte balance, circadian rhythms

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9
Q

cerebrum function

A

high-level brain functions such as thinking, language and emotion, and motivation. 3 broad processes
1-sensory (receiving sensory impulses)
2- association (interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response)
3- motor (transmitting impulses)

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

aspects of association such as reasoning and motivation, planning, emotions and problem-solving. Contains speech and movement motor areas

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11
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatic sensory and motor areas linked to movement, body awarness, orientation and navigation. contains symbolic and speech association areas

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12
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual sensory and association centre

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13
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory sensory and association area; many aspects of long-term and visual memory

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14
Q

Limbic lobe

A

Concerned with association processes such as emotion, behaviour, motivation and long-term memory

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15
Q

Cerebellum

A

Helps to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions
Regulates posture and balance
Makes possible all skiled motor activities, from catching a ball to dancing

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16
Q

Circulating hormones

A

travel around the body in the blood (adrenaline and testosterone)

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17
Q

Local hormones

A

act on neighbouring cells without entering the bloodstream and are usually inactivated quickly. (glucagon and serotonin

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18
Q

Hormones

A

secreted by the endocrine glands to regulate and coordinate a range of bodily functions. Most hormones are released in short bursts, although some are secreted over longer periods of time to stimulate permanent changes in the body.
Hormones affect only specific target cells by (chemically) biding to specific receptors

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19
Q

How circulating hormone levels are regulated

A

complex feedback loops that may be influenced by
-signals from the nervous system, such as adrenaline
-Chemical changes in the blood, such as insulin
-Other hormones like growth hormones

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20
Q

functions of the conducting airways

A

low resistance pathway for airflow
defence against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled
Warming and moistening the air

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21
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

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22
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

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23
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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24
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

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25
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

26
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

27
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

28
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Abdominals, scapula and pectoralis major

29
Q

Inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and lowers
External intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage (internal intercostal muscles contract antagonistic pairs)
Volume of lungs increases
Pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
Gas always wants to go to a place with less pressure
Air flows in

30
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes becoming dome-shaped
Internal intercostal muscles contract lowering the rib cage
Volume of lungs decreases
Pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
Gas is forced out because it wants to go to a place with less pressure
Air flows out

31
Q

role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation

A

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells

32
Q

Process of gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Oxygen moves into the alveolus which causes it to have a high concentration of oxygen
Oxygen diffuses (because the capillaries have low concentration of blood) through the cell membrane of alveolus (this membrane is 1 cell thick) This means that it is a short distance to the capillary
Inside the capillary if diffuses into red blood cells
Haemoglobin turns into oxyhemoglobin
Red blood cells carry deoxigenated blood and turns then into oxygenated blood
Carbon dioxide leaves the capillary and diffuses to the alveolus
CO2 leaves the alveolus

33
Q

Composition of blood

A

Erythocytes: Transport O2 and CO2
Leucocytes:Part of the immune system (fight infections)
Platelets(thrombocytes) - clot the blood
Plasma - liquid (mostly water) transport other cells, nutrients, vitamins and everything in the blood

34
Q

Functions of skin

A

Regulation of body temperature
Protection and immunity
Sensation
Excretion
Synthesis of Vitamin D

35
Q

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

A

Responsable for homeostasis
Hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland
Neurohormones (GHRH and Somatostatin) directly influence the pituitary gland
Nervous impulses from hypothalamus also stilulate the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland secretes hormones such as ADH and GH that help regulate the body functions such as growth, water and temperature regulations

36
Q

Nervous and chemical controls of ventilation during exercise

A

Ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to the increase in carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory centre. This results in an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise. The muscles use more oxygen so there is more CO2 as a byproduct

Neural control of ventilation includes lung strtch receptors, muscle proprioreceptors and chemoreceptors

37
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

left and right atrium (upper chambers)
left and right ventricals (lower chambers)

38
Q

4 valves

A

Aorta Valves, Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid Valve and Mitral valve

39
Q

Through the coronary arteries

A

The heart has its own blood supply

40
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

41
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

42
Q

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

A

The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to a calm and composed state and prevents it from overworking. Rest+ Digest (relaxing) The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prepares the body for fight and flight response. (fight or flight)

43
Q

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of the heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle

A

its own pacemaker that signals it when to beat and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and by adrenaline (also increases glycogen and lipid breakdown).

44
Q

Stimulation of the heartbeat

A

Information from the Nervous system (how fast to beat/a lot of adrenaline or not not)

Sino-Atrial Node receives this information

SAN contracts the Atria
Atrio-Ventricular Node takes information from the contraction to the Parkinjee Fibres that cause a contraction
The contracts the ventricles –»Apex Final culmination of the heartbeat

45
Q

principle structure of the ventilatory system

A

Nose Mounth pharynx Larynx Trachea Bonchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli

46
Q

Relationship between cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume at rest and during exercise

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume times heart rate

Stroke volume expands and heart rate increases during exercise

47
Q

Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations at rest and during exercise

A

Cardiac output
At rest: CO lower in females due to differences in body size and composition
Trained individuals higher because cardiovascular adaptations
During exercise: Female is still lower but both increase
Trained exhibit more increase

Stroke volume
At rest: lower in females
Trained larger because improvements in cardiac function
During exercise: trained greater

Heart rate
At rest: higher in females
Trained have lower due to increased cardiac efficiency
During exercise: trained reach a lower maximal due to increased stroke volume

48
Q

Cardiovascular drift

A

increased body temperature results in lower venous return to the heart, a small decrease in blood volume from sweat. A reduction in SV causes the heart rate to increase to maintain cardiac output. Blood is more viscous

49
Q

systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Systolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction

Diastolic. the force exerted by the blood on the arterial wall during ventricular relaxation

50
Q

4 major blood vessels

A

vena cava, pulmonary vein, aorta, pulmonary artery

51
Q

cardiac output

A

Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time 8litres per minute)

52
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction (expands during exercise)

53
Q

HR

A

number of beats per minute

54
Q

Diastolic VS systolic

A

systolic is almost double diastolic

Systolic increases way more from rest to exercise then systolic

55
Q

response of systolic and diastolic to dynamic and static exercise

A

Static exercise: there is no relaxation of the arterial walls because the muscles are constantly contracted

In dynamic exercise there are periods of relaxation which means that the arterial walls are not constantly under pressure

56
Q

Compare distribution of blood at rest and redistribution of blood during exercise

A

At rest
blood flow to muscles at rest is lower then during exercise. It also goes to other organs like the brain, heart, and kidneys. Resting skeletal muscles do not require as much oxygen and nutrients as they do during physical activity.

During exercise
Increase in blood flow to the active muscles (oxygen and nutrient supply). Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration, providing energy for muscle contractions. Nutrients support energy production during exercise
The sympathetic nervous system is activated during exercise, leading to the release of norepinephrine.

57
Q

Cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training

A

Hypertrophy to ventricular volume resulting in an increase stroke volume and lower resting and exercising heart rate
Increased capillarization which leads to more blood going to the muscles
Icreased oxygen difference (difference between the oxygen in the arteries and the veins
Higher VO2 max

58
Q

maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)

A

Maximum oxygen uptake that quantifies the maximum rate that an individual can take in and use oxygen (amount of oxygen someone can use)

59
Q

VO2 Max (males vs females, young vs old, trained vs untrained)

A

Trained has higher because they have more muscle, bigger left ventricle and more capillarization

During child years it increases as you grow but it reaches a peak at early 20s for males and late teens for females. then it decreases with age

Lower in females because of hemoglobin concentration and body composition (15% more body fat which doens´t cappilarize)

60
Q

generalized structure of the skin

A

Epidermis
Peridermis
endodermis
Fat
Sweat glands
oil glands
Hair follicles

61
Q

Relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland are responsible for homeostasis

Hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland

Neurohormones such as GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus influence the pituitary gland as well as nerve impulses

Pituitary gland secretes ADH and GH that help regulate a wide range of bodily functions including growth and water and temperature regulations

Sports Science (8 decks)

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