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BMSC 220 > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

1
Q

porins

A

proteins that form transmembrane channels permeable to molecules below 10kDA

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2
Q

cardiolipin

A

phospholipid with four fatty acyl tails synthesized within mitochondria that decrease permeability of mitochondria inner membrane to protons

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3
Q

cristae

A

folds of inner membrane; number varies with energy demands

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4
Q

95% of human mitochondrial proteins are encoded by…

A

nuclear DNA

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5
Q

T/F: Each mitochondria can contain diff. number of DNA molecules

A

T

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6
Q

mitochondrial fission requires

A
  • dna replication
  • rna synthesis
  • membrane generation via phospholipid transfer from ER
  • protein synthesis within mitochondria and protein importation from cytoplasm
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7
Q

Most nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins are synthesized

A

on free ribosomes in cytoplasm

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8
Q

import of mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane proteins

with amino terminal presequence

A

Tom, Tim, Hsp70, MPP

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9
Q

target proteins to outer compartments

A

internal mitochondrial targeting sequence and internal compartment targeting sequences for intermembrane, outer, and some inner proteins

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10
Q

Tom complex

A

translocase of outer membrane

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11
Q

Tim complex

A

translocase of inner membrane

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12
Q

Hsp70

A

chaperones that keep proteins unfolded until reaching final destination

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13
Q

MPP

A

matrix processing peptidase that cleaves targeting sequence following transport

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14
Q

Tim9, Tim10

A

inter membrane space chaperones; carry protein to Tim 22 channel complex

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15
Q

Oxa-translocase

A

within inner membrane for proteins synthesized within matrix

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16
Q

Sorting of proteins containing internal targeting sequences to inner membrane

A

Tim9,Tim10, Oxa-translocase, inner membrane protein eroded by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

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17
Q

Sorting of proteins containing internal targeting sequences to inter membrane space and outer membrane

A

Mim1, SAM, outer membrane with alpha-helix transmembrane and beta sheet/barrel transmembrane domains, inter membrane interacting with chaperones

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18
Q

Mim 1

A

inserts proteins with a single alpha helical transmembrane domain inserted into outer membrane

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19
Q

SAM

A

Sorting and Assembly Machinery for moving proteins from intermembrane to outer

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20
Q

cytoplasmic phospholipid transfer proteins

A

transfer phospholipids synthesized in ER to mitochondria

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21
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules with release of chemical energy

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22
Q

ATP

A

captures energy released by catabolism to form phosphoanhydride bonds

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23
Q

hydrolysis phosphoanhydride bonds

A

provide energy for most cellular rxns

24
Q

Two sources of Acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate and fatty acids

25
Q

pyruvate

A

product of glucose breakdown through glycolysis

26
Q

Citric Acid cycle produces ___ molecules of NADH and ___ of FADH2 that are used to make ATP through _____________________ via the electron transport chain

A

3, 1, oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

reduction of NAD+

A

accepts a proton and 2 electrons

28
Q

oxidation of NADH

A

leases a proton and 2 electrons

29
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons that enter the electron transport chain from NADH and FADH2 combine with ___ to produce _____.

A

O2, H2O

30
Q

chemiosmotic coupling

A

electron transport through electron transport chain is coupled to ATP synthesis

31
Q

chemiosmotic coupling involves storage of energy in a ____________ which is subsequently used to drive ATP synthesis

A

proton gradient

32
Q

5 protein complexes of electron transport chain

A

DNA and mitochondrial encoded proteins

33
Q

electron carriers

A

negatively charged molecules that can transfer a proton

34
Q

coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)

A

lipid soluble electron carrier (e- carried to complex III)

35
Q

cytochrome c (cyt c)

A

peripheral membrane protein on outer face of inner membrane (e- carried to complex IV)

36
Q

Describe transport of electrons from NADH down electron transport chain within inner membrane

A
  • e- enter ETC from NADH in complex I
  • e- transferred to coenzyme Q to complex III
  • e- transferred from cyt b to cyt c to complex IV
  • complex IV transfers e- to oxygen
37
Q

Describe transport of electrons from FADH2 down electron transport chain within inner membrane

A
  • succinate produced in citric acid cycle is reduced by succinate dehydrogenase in complex II to generate FADH2
  • FADH2 reduced to FAD +H2, donating e- to coenzyme Q
  • e- transported through complex III and IV driving proton pump
38
Q

complex I and III

A

transfer 4 protons per pair of e- per complex

39
Q

complex IV

A

transfer of 2 protons per pair of e-, plus 2 protons combined with O2 to form water

40
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

pH gradient and electric potential

41
Q

proton motive force

A

deltaG of ~ -5kcal/mol per proton

42
Q

phospholipid bilayer of the inner membrane is ___________ to ions so protons can cross only through….

A

impermeable, protein channels

43
Q

complex V

A

ATP synthase; two subunits (F0, F1)

44
Q

F0

A

spans inner membrane and forms channel through which protons move

45
Q

F1

A

catalyzes synthesis of ATP (contains ATP synthase)

46
Q

The flow of protons through ___ drives the rotation of part of ____ , which acts as a rotary motor to drive ATP synthesis.

A

F0, F1

47
Q

___ protons are required to synthesize 1 ATP

A

4

48
Q

oxidation of one NAHD yields __ ATP and oxidation of FADH2 yields __ ATP

A

3, 2

49
Q

Transport of metabolites (ATP from matrix to cytosol, inorganic phosphate and pyruvate into matrix) across the mitochondrial inner membrane relies on…

A

electrochemical proton gradient

50
Q

brown adipose tissue

A

predominant in hibernation gland and in newborn infants; higher levels of innervation, vascularization, lipid droplets, and mitochondria

51
Q

thermogenin

A

uncoupling protein of inner mitochondrial membrane in brown adipose tissue; allows for transport of protons across inner membrane into matrix without going through complex V

52
Q

cyanide

A

inhibits final e- transfer to oxygen driving all e- transfer to a halt

53
Q

mitochondrial myopathic and neuropathies

A

-generally affect ETC and can arise through mutations in nuclear or mitochondrial DNA

54
Q

chloroplasts

A

a plastid

55
Q

peroxisomes

A

-single membrane organelles of eukaryotic cells
-can replicate but no genetic material
carry out metabolic functions, particularly oxidation rxns
-site of lipid synthesis

56
Q

fatty acid oxidation in plants and yeast only occurs in ________ while FA oxidation in mammals also occurs in the mitochondria

A

peroxisomes

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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