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BMSC 220 > Topic 5 > Flashcards

Topic 5 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA replication is…

A

semiconservative

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2
Q

DNA polymerase

A

a group of multisubunit enzymes that catalyze synthesis of DNA

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3
Q

most of our understanding of DNA replication comes from…

A

studies in prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

properties of all DNA polymerases

A
  1. synthesize DNA only in 5’ to 3’ direction (read in 3’ to 5’)
  2. can add a new deoxyribonucleotide only to 3’ -OH
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5
Q

replication fork

A

region of DNA synthesis where parental strands separate and two new daughter strands elongate; location of active DNA replication containing the replication macromolecular complex

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6
Q

leading strand

A

synthesized in a continuous manner

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7
Q

lagging strand

A

synthesized in a discontinuous manner in direction opposite of movement of replication fork

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8
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

small pieces of newly synthesized DNA that are joined to form a new DNA strand in lagging strand

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9
Q

primase

A

enzyme that synthesize Okazaki fragments (no 3’ OH required)

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10
Q

exonuclease

A

enzyme activity that hydrolyzes (degrades) DNA or RNA from their ends

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11
Q

RNAse H

A

exonuclease that degrades the RNA strand of RNA-DNA hybrids

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12
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that seals breaks in DNA strand

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13
Q

There are _________ DNA polymerases with ___________.

A

different, similar functions

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14
Q

clamp loading proteins

A

loads clamp proteins onto replication fork at primer

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15
Q

sliding clamp proteins

A

load and hold polymerase onto template

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16
Q

helicases

A

enzymes that catalyze the unwinding of parental DNA in ATP dependent manner

17
Q

single-stranded DNA-binding proteins

A

stabilize the unwound single-stranded template DNA

18
Q

topoisomerase

A

enzymes that catalyze the reversible breakage and rejoining of DNA strands to relieve torsion caused by unwinding of DNA

19
Q

The enzymes involved in DNA replication coordinate and synthesize both strands…..

A

simultaneously

20
Q

origins of replication (original)

A

serves as binding sites for the protein complex that initiates the replication process

21
Q

autonomously replicating sequence (ARS)

A

an origin of DNA replication in yeast

22
Q

origin recognition complex (ORC)

A

6 subunit complex that recruits other proteins (like helices) and recognizes core sequence and bind to it to initiate formation of replication bubble

23
Q

ori of eukaryotic chromosomes first studied in..

A

yeast

24
Q

telomerase

A

consists of (G-rich) repeats of simple-sequence DNA that is complementary to telomeric DNA (overhanging); also allows prokaryotic DNA to replicate as a linear molecule in yeast

25
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

a DNA polymerase that uses an RNA template

26
Q

Why is reverse transcriptase activity of telomerase necessary?

A

DNA polymerase cannot replicate the extreme 5’ end

27
Q

As we age, telomeres….

A

become shorter

28
Q

The _______ of DNA replication is critical to cell reproduction. Usually….

A

accuracy, one in 10^9

29
Q

what is the rate of error frequency for simple hydrogen bonding of complementary base pairs during replication

A

1/100 to 1/1000 incorrect

30
Q

Active selection of correct base by polymerase based on conformation of the expected base accuracy

A

1/10^5 to 1/10^6 incorrect

31
Q

proofreading by polymerase accuracy

A

1/10^7 to 10^8 incorrect

32
Q

DNA repair mechanisms

A

increase fidelity and repair from damage like UV light and carcinogens

33
Q

proofreading

A

selective removal of mismatched bases by DNA polymerase

34
Q

primary function or telomeres

A

to protect chromosome ends from degradation

35
Q

telomerase activity can be detected from…

A

both lagging and leading strand

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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