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BMSC 220 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

the fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665, first coined the term “cell” while viewing cross-sections of cork in primitive light microscope; invented first simple light microscope

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

1674, viewed “animalcules” in pond water and bacteria from scrapings from his teeth and identifies different cell types, magnified objects up to 300x

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4
Q

3 points of the cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cell
  • the cell is the structural and functional unit of life
  • cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
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5
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

animal tissues

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6
Q

Jakob Schleiden

A

plant tissues

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7
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

cellular pathology

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8
Q

4 basic macromolecules

A

nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, carbs

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9
Q

requirements for formation of first cell

A
  • organic molecules
  • molecules for catalysis of chemical reactions and self-replication (RNA)
  • a barrier between the internal and external cell environment (phospholipids)
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10
Q

Stanley Miller

A

1950, spontaneous formation of organic molecules

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11
Q

In present-day cells, DNA is the….., RNA is…… and proteins…..

A

genetic material, a carrier of info, carry out most functions

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12
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lacks a nuclear envelope

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13
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus

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14
Q

viruses

A

neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic; can’t metabolize without host

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15
Q

archaebacteria

A

closest to first cell

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16
Q

cyanobacteria

A

largest, most complex prokaryote generating energy through photosynthesis

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17
Q

plants evolved from…

A

cyanobacteria

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms a selective barrier

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19
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic info

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of oxidative metabolism; contains circular DNA

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21
Q

lysosomes

A

metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules

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22
Q

peroxisomes

A

various oxidative reactions

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23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of intracellular membranes that functions in processing and transports proteins and synthesis of lipids

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24
Q

golgi apparatus (euk)

A

sorts and transports proteins for secretion and site of lipid synthesis

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25
Q

golgi apparatus (plants)

A

synthesis of polysaccharides that compose the cell wall

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26
Q

cell wall

A

rigid layer of polysaccharides surrounding a cell membrane

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27
Q

primary component of cell membrane

A

chitin in fungus and cellulose in algae and higher plants

28
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis; contains circular DNA

29
Q

vacuoles

A

digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients

30
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • provides structural framework

- movement of entire cells and intracellular transport

31
Q

cytoskeleton composed of..

A

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

32
Q

yeast

A

simplest eukaryote

33
Q

epithelial cells

A

form sheets that cover surface of body and line internal organs; specialized for protection, secretion, absorption

34
Q

connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue

35
Q

fibroblasts

A

fill spaces between organs and tissues in body

36
Q

blood tissue

A

contains red blood cells and white blood cells

37
Q

nervous tissue

A

composed of supporting cells and nerve cells which are specialized to transmit signals

38
Q

muscle cells

A

responsible for production of force and movement

39
Q

E.coli

A

most thoroughly studied bacteria

40
Q

E. coli pros

A

simple and ease of propagation, divide every 20mins, small genome, carry out reactions in simple media

41
Q

yeast pros

A

small genome, divides every 2 hours, same approaches as e.coli

42
Q

c. elegans

A

entire lineage know, easily grown and subjected to genetic manipulations

43
Q

drosophila pros

A

easily maintained and bred

44
Q

xenopus laevis

A

all stages of development can be studied, early vertebrate developments and eggs develop outside mother

45
Q

zebrafish

A

easy to maintain, reproduce rapidly, amenable to genetic manipulation, transparent embryos

46
Q

mouse

A

easy to keep in lab, complete genome sequence

47
Q

basic tool of cell biology

A

light microscope

48
Q

resolution

A

ability to distinguish objects; constrained by wavelength of visible light

49
Q

light microscopy (bright field)

A

light passes directly through cell

-requires killing of cells, cutting thin cross-section, staining

50
Q

light microscopy (phase-contrast/differential interference-contrast)

A

convert variations in density or thickness into contrast that can be seen without staining
-allow viewing of live cells

51
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

sensitive method to study intracellular distribution of molecules; visualization without staining

52
Q

how do you visualize using fluorescence microscopy

A

fluorescent markers, dyes and proteins (GFP)

53
Q

a major technological breakthrough in visualization of living cells was…..

A

discovery of green fluorescent proteins (GFP) - allowed visualization without staining of specific molecules and structures in living cells

54
Q

confocal microscopy

A

specialized form of fluorescent microscopy; allows focus on a single plane in specimen; provides much sharper image and multiple images can be reconstructed into a 3D image

55
Q

confocal yellow stain

A

microtubules

56
Q

confocal blue stain

A

actin

57
Q

confocal red stain

A

nucleus

58
Q

electron microscope people

A

Claude, Porter, Palade; 1940s/50s

59
Q

electron ……… compared to light

A

much greater resolution

60
Q

wavelengths of ….. shorter than……

A

electrons, visible light

61
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

passes beam of electron through specimen to form image on fluorescent screen

62
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

electron beam reflects off sample surface (coated w metal) and proves a 3D image

63
Q

subcellular fractionation

A

separates and isolates organelle by size and density for use in biochemical studies

64
Q

primary cultures

A

first cell cultures established from a tissue (limited number of division before death)

65
Q

permanent (immortal) cell

A

embryonic stem cells or cells derived from tumours that may proliferate indefinitely in culture

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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