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BMSC 220 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus key function

A

genetic info; site of DNA replication, RNA synthesis, ribosome assembly

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2
Q

nuclear envelope

A

separates contents of nucleus from cytoplasm

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3
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

located in nuclear envelope; selective traffic of proteins and RNAs; differs from typical membrane channels

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4
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of which two phospholipid bilayer membranes?

A

nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complex

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5
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a fibrous mesh that provides structural support and allows things move along its framework; consist of fibrous proteins called lamins and other proteins

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6
Q

outer nuclear membrane

A

continuous with ER and enriched with membrane proteins that bind the cytoskeleton

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7
Q

inner nuclear membrane

A

has proteins that bind the nuclear lamina

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8
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

deduced the classical principles of genetic on results of pea breeding

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9
Q

Wilhelm Johannsen

A

gene

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10
Q

gene

A

an inherited factor that determines a trait

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11
Q

allele

A

specific type of trait and is one gene copy from each parent

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12
Q

_____ alleles for one gene

A

any different

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13
Q

genotype

A

genetic composition of an organism

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14
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of an organism

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15
Q

broad phenotype definition

A

phenotype= genotype + environment + GE interaction

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16
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

determined that phenotypic traits are inherited together as linkage groups

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17
Q

number of linkage groups=

A

number of chromosomes

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18
Q

diploid

A

two copies of each chromosome

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19
Q

central dogma

A

states that RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates and proteins are synthesized from RNA templates (DNA –> RNA –> proteins)

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20
Q

replication

A

synthesis of duplicated copy of DNA molecule

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21
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA molecule from DNA template

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22
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide chain from mRNA template with help of ribosomes

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23
Q

mRNA

A

serve as templates for protein synthesis

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24
Q

rRNA

A

component of ribosomes

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25
Q

tRNA

A

serves as adaptor molecules that align amino acids along mRNA template

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26
Q

the genetic code

A

corresponding info from nucleotide triplets called codons that encode individual amino acids

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27
Q

codons

A

basic units of genetic code

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28
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

29
Q

AUG

A

Methionine

30
Q

Describe the relationship, if any, of organism complexity to genome size and chromosome number

A

generally…. increased organism complexity means increased genome size, but does not mean more chromosomes!!!

31
Q

most genes encode…

A

mRNAs, but some alcove regulatory and structural RNAs

32
Q

average human gene

A

a segment of DNA within a chromosome that is expressed to yield a functional product

33
Q

approximately how many genes in humans

A

21 000

34
Q

coding region

A

portion of a genes DNA/RNA composed of exons

35
Q

exons

A

segments of protein-coding sequence

36
Q

introns

A

aka, intervening sequences; segments of non-protein coding sequences

37
Q

introns used to be called..

A

junk DNA

38
Q

T/F all coding regions have introns

A

F

39
Q

RNA splicing

A

joining of exons in a precursor mRNA molecule

40
Q

genes RNA-coding region

A

Introns (35%), exons only 10%

41
Q

protein coding sequence

A

barely 1% is exons that actually contain genetic code sequences that encode proteins

42
Q

As number of genes increase…. protein-coding sequence…

A

decreases

43
Q

genes make up……of entire genome

A

small portion

44
Q

phenotypic complexity and genetic complxity

A

do not rely on each other

45
Q

chromatin

A

eukaryotic chromosomal DNA with proteins (twice as much proteins as DNA)

46
Q

humans genome size

A

3000 Mb (millions of base pairs)

47
Q

chromosome number in humans

A

23

48
Q

nucleosomes

A

basic units of chromatin and consist of DNA and histones

49
Q

histones

A

small proteins with high proportion of arginine and lysine which facilitate binding to neg. charged DNA sugar-phos. backbone

50
Q

types of histones

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

51
Q

nucleosome core particles

A

contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer consisting of two molecules each of histones (not H1)

52
Q

chromatosome

A

166 bp and H1

53
Q

H1

A

a linker histone

54
Q

euchromatin

A

decondensed, transcriptionally active interphase chromatin

55
Q

heterochromatin

A

highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin

56
Q

constitutive heterochromatin

A

contains DNA that is not transcribed in any cell type (such as some DNA sequences at centromeres)

57
Q

facultative heterochromatin

A

contains DNA sequences that are not transcribed in the cell being examined but may be transcribed in other cell types

58
Q

acetylation

A

heterochromatin to euchromatin

59
Q

HAT

A

adds acetyl groups

60
Q

HDAC

A

remove acetyl groups

61
Q

centromere

A

region of chromosome that ensures correct distribution of chromosomes; where sister chromatids attach

62
Q

kinetochore

A

associated with centromere and where microtubules bind

63
Q

kinetochore __________- with centromere during interphase

A

not associated

64
Q

telomeres

A

sequences at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; maintain stability of linear chromosomes and linked to aging and cell reproduction

65
Q

telomerase

A

maintain telomeres

66
Q

telomere DNA sequences

A

repeats of simple sequence with clusters of G residues on one strand

67
Q

CENP-A

A

nucleosomes with CENP-A are incorporated only into centromere; directed by nucleosomes themselves not DNA

68
Q

Why are CENP-A in nucleosomes important?

A

for maintaining fidelity of cell division

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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