topic 9

Question 1

solar
intermittency
E.D.
new tchnology

Answer 1

high intermittency
cant be predicted-cloud cover etc
low E.D. large area needed
photovoltaic solar power-provides electrical currents by dislodging electrons which flows a long a electrical conductor from negative layer to pos. lower layer-appliances
multi junction PV cells-more light wavelength absorbed

Question 2

HEP
newtech
e.i.
location

Answer 2

needs a high total rainfall throughout year
low seismic activty
large embodied energy
reduced turbidity downstream
micro hydro damn-no barrier across whole of the river
helical turbines-turned by water flowing down them-high efficiency

Question 3

wind power
HAWTS+VAWTS
locational constraints
environmental impacts

Answer 3

hawts-more efficient+more establilshed than vawts
vawts-wind any direction-lower wind velocities
location-coatsal areas
nimbies dont like them
located away from high bat populations
bat deaths -turbines stopped at lower wind velocity
bird strikes-migrating birds-careful placement of HAWTS
blade tip fins-reduces wind resistance-increasing efficiency
helical VAWT blades-rotate more smoothly than straight bladed+facturing

Question 4

wave power
location
harnessing wave power
design problems
e.i

Answer 4

long fetch
point absorber
surface attenuators-moves pistons ‘push and pulls
difficult to anchor in deep water
withstan-storms+corosion
sea bed damage

Question 5

biofuels
advantages
disadvantages
locational factors
e.i
new tech

Answer 5

can be stored until need
carbon neutral-sequest the same amount they release
large areas of farmland lost
lower energy density than f.f.
fertile soil+topography
habitat loss-encoureages deforestation
hydrogen from alage-if they are deprived of sulfur -used as fuel

Question 6

geothermal power
technology
low/high temp
location
E.I.
new tech

Answer 6

geothermal springs -hot water heated by rocks used in district heating
gepthermal steam systems
groundwater a v high temps to surface via borhole-steam
150 degrees-volcanic actovoytty
waste water-heavy metals
gaseous emissions-c02
low temp fluids-boil at lower temperatures -uk

Question 7

tidal power

Answer 7

predicatble moon and sun positioning
few suitable sites
in stream turbines-absorb kinetic energy of natural
tidal flow-no sig impact on environment
tidal barrage-damn across estuary maximum use of tidal flow -large embodied energy -lots of material+transportaition
sedimentation-redueced current build up of sediment
tidal reef-wtaer can flow over the top-allowing fish to pass overtop

Question 8

secondary fuel electricity -
pv panels+
rechargeable batteries
how does the energy form

Answer 8

electricity from solar energy-displacemnt of electrons-free electrons go to lower layers which are more pos.
chemical energy-rechargeable batteries use electricity to reform chemicals that produce electricity-lead acid

Question 9

hydrogen-high energy density
uses
stores
hydrogen economy

Answer 9

fuels cells-oxygen+hydriegn=water releasing water
liquid-high pressure+cool temps-needs energy for refigeration
hydrogen is stored like biofuels as energy surpluses in case of shortage-used in vehicles

Question 10

why is energy storage important

Answer 10

nergy production ates can be kept constant
larger quantity of fuel if trasportation is economic

Question 11

causes of energy fluctuations+demand

Answer 11

intermittent energy resources-solar
seasonal fluxes
demand may drop off too fast before power stations can reduce the output
lost through heat in cables

Question 12

factors affecting rechargeable batteries

Answer 12

safety-toxic-lead acid
+recharging speed -

Question 13

compressed gas

Answer 13

surplus energy drives an air compessing pump-compressing air produces a lot of air-90% recovery raet

Question 14

types of storage systems

Answer 14

high volume storage-s.a;v
high thermal mass building materials-high specific heat capacity-concrete-reduces need of air con

Question 15

transport of energy conservation

Answer 15

bulk transport-rapid transport for perishable goods
fuel tax

Question 16

vehicle design

Answer 16

aerodynamics -less friction
reduced mass-carbon fibre high strength: weight
vehicle design fo rend if life
recyclable materials
smart motorways-reduce chance of congestion -speed changes

Question 17

building house type

Answer 17

building surface area-terraces etc low s.a:v

Question 18

choice of materialsin conserving energy

Answer 18

earth sheltered buildings-warmer ground colder than air
low embodied energy materials-rammed earth over concrete

Question 19

window conservation
newtech

Answer 19

multiple layers of glass reduces energy loss -gap should be large enough without convection current starting-low emissivity glass-reflects long wavelengths back

Question 20

ventilation

Answer 20

heat recovery ventillation-heat leaving building passes cold air coming in -causes a counter current air flow

Question 21

energy managementin household-tehcnology

Answer 21

programmable thermostats-room temps can vary between different rooms-easier to manage heat in different rooms

Question 22

human behaviour in savong energy

Answer 22

truning lights off when not required turning thermostsats down to prevent unecsssary heatingn

Question 22

low energy appliances

Answer 22

use of LED lightbulbs
colder temp washing machine cycles less energy
newer dishwashers use less water so less heating needed

Question 23

industrial energy conservationwhen storing energy

Answer 23

insulation
insulation-use outlayer materials with a low thermal conductivity-storage tanks etc
high volume storage-reducing surface area(one large tank) than using lots of smaller tanks

Question 24

intergrated manufacturing

Answer 24

material processes are in same site-reducing energy wasted on transport-inter dependant industries near each other

Question 25

recycling-energyconserv-ation in infastructure

Answer 25

recyling-reduces waste and energy needed to produce new materials
mass reduction-redesign products to make them lighter-less energy used in manufacturing+transport
integrated manufacturing

Question 26

elec infatsructure managemnt peak shaving storage
high voltage grid

Answer 26

-managemnt of peak shaving-store of surplus energy-used later to meet demand

high voltage grid-use transformers to control current and voltage of elec minimising energy lost through heat of the cables

IT management of elec supply -accurately predict and demand for electrcity and monitor electrical supplies fast-reduces energy created

Question 27

per capita energy consumption and culutre how it effects

Answer 27

higher affluence=more energy used-less energy efficient cars-global market price of resources is low enough to afford
relative cost-large easily accessible source of energy is cheaper
environemntal awareness-historically difficulties satisfying demand–stronger energy conservation culture-sweden

Question 28

type of industry

Answer 28

primary-agriculture
secindary-heavy manufacturing-metal smelting
tertiary-services -finance
quarternary-IT

Question 29

changes in energy use

Answer 29

change in envoironemntal awareness-better building energy conservation
NEES -manufacturing/industrial industries energy use

Question 30

features of energy resources

Answer 30

renewable
non/depletable-if theyre exploited unsustainably
locational constraints
intermittency
predicatbility
energy density
resource availability
ease of storage/transport
e.i.
technological development

Question 31

ease of transport examples

Answer 31

electricity-high voltage AC-overhead cbales chea[er to maintain
coal-train-used in elec-power stations are located near coal fields-elec easier to transport to coal stations

Question 32

political/economic influence on features of renewable energy

Answer 32

governemnts give grants-renewable energy
guaranteed price market for energy
conomic-consumer doesnt pay for secondary effects caused by the energy user like building damage

Question 33

sustainability of current energy use-f.f.

Answer 33

economic ssutainability-
non renewable-furture-more expensive
env.influence-use of ccs reduces impact

Question 34

coal-normal way to do it
where
new tech

Answer 34

uk and wales-once coal supplies are used
open cast mining-deep deposits unable to be accessed
loss of habitat
new technology-
coal gasification- coal is burned underground in controlled conditions releasing gases which spins a turbine
directional driling
AUVs-take seabed surveys

Question 35

oil-recovery

Answer 35

flows through permeable rock
forced to surface by natural pressure
primary-natural press 20%
secondary-pumping water to increase pressure-40%-use ccs pumping c02 to increase pressure
tertiary-use of controlled combustion underground-increases viscosity-detergents-reduce surface tension-flow better

Question 36

oil recovery-new tech
pst

Answer 36

primary-natural press 20%
secondary-pumping water to increase pressure-40%-use ccs pumping c02 to increase pressure
tertiary-use of controlled combustion underground-increases viscosity-detergents-reduce surface tension-flow better

Question 37

oil recovery- new tech 2

Answer 37

directional drilling
ROVS and AUVs-conduct seabed surveys
directional drilling-may wells from single platform
underneath locations difficult to reach

Question 38

fracking-new tech oil+gas environemntal imoact as well

Answer 38

oil+gas trapped in pores between shale-high pressure and fissures to open fissures
e.i.
natural gas may enetr aquifers-toxi metals may become mobile-

Question 39

gas-where
new technology

Answer 39

porous rock-natural pressures-etc.
new tech
methane hydrate
emhanced gas recovery-injectionof c02 nitrogen at edge of gass fields to maintain pressure

Question 40

methane hydrate-

Answer 40

found in polar regions-not commercially viable-yield more methane
hot water is pumped down to methane hydrate melting it releasing more methane

Question 41

nuclear fission

Answer 41

used for base load electricity
breederreactor makes fissile fuel
high embodied energy-requires a lot of processing-urnium
high energy density-1kg of uranium=13T coal
finite resource-uranium is non renewable most of ore is found at low grade deposits

Question 42

e.i. of nuclear energy

Answer 42

high embodied energy of materials used-health risk of ionising radiation

Question 43

economic issues
use of nuclear fission
future use

Answer 43

large and expensive-difficult to decomission old reactors