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my sets nic > topic 10 > Flashcards

topic 10 Flashcards

1
Q

properties of pollution

A

persistence
toxicity
specificity
reactivity
bioaccumulation
biomagnification
synergism
mutagenic action-UV-cancer
teratogenic-birth abnormalities
solubility in lipids+water

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2
Q

environmental features affecting pollution degradation

A

temperature
light levels
oxygen-sewage-water decompostition of DOM
pH-affects solubility

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3
Q

factors affecting dispersalin general

A

wind and water currents -direction
temperature inversions- warm effluent spreads around as it rises as it is war,mer than surroudong air by wind paths

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4
Q

factors that allow for temperature inversions

A

valleys-colder dense air rises
low wimd velocity
cloudless skies
mist or fog

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5
Q

CPA-wat does it assess

A

p[redicts movement of pollutats +severity-properties
radioactive discharge main use

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6
Q

CGM-critical group monitoring

A

assessing public exposure to most vulnerable

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7
Q

principles if pollution control

A

polluter pays principle - damage caused by pollution
Precautionary principle-assume waste causes problem dont release
Prevention of release-Catalytic converters-n0x

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8
Q

efficiency pollution control-ALAR+BATNEEC

A

expensive -may be too expensive to get net 0 emissions-
as low as reasonably achievavable
best available technology not entailing excessive costs

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9
Q

smoke
features
effect

A

small particles-higher persistance
synergism-sulfur dioxide
effects-
Reduces photosynthesis
Damage buildings -acids
Reduce temps-low albedo-nuclear winter-death of crops
depletes ozone
london smog-1952-anticyclonic conditiond

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10
Q

how to control smoke pollution-

A

clean air at-1956in responise to the 1952 london smog-no coal used in homes
Alternative energy-nat. gas in households
DPF installed in diesel cars traps 80% of smoke pm

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11
Q

how to control industrial smoke

A

bag filters-trap ppm in fabric
elctrostatic preciptartors-
effluent gas passes through chamber-charged wires attracts effluent- is used as fly ash for cement

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12
Q

more efficient combustion technology

A

increased oxygen levels in in engines fully combust organic matter

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13
Q

how does n0x form

A

n0x-exhaust gases-nitrogen and oxygen raet under high temperatiure +pressure in car engine/industrial plants forming n0x

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14
Q

photochemical effects

A

respiratory disease-bronchitis +asthma
tropo
cities more likely to have smog-warmer+increase car use -l.a. beijing

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15
Q

control of photochemical smog

A

catalytic converters-reduces n0x to nitrogen + oxygen
activated carbon filters -hydrocarbons adsorb adsorb to carbon particulates prevents secondary pollutant forming

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16
Q

acid rain how does it form

A

sulfur dioxide oxidised by ozone=sulfur trioxide -producing sulfuric acid when dissolved

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17
Q

direct impacts of phto chemcial somg

A

corrodes metals /infastructure rail lines
denature proteins(enzymes) low pH-
lichens sensitive to acid+dissolves exo-skeleton

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18
Q

indirect impacts of acid rain

A

more soluble at lower ph
causing leachate of metal ions-toxic ions absorbed by root hair cells-reduces enzyme activity-lead+alluminium-nuerotoxins

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19
Q

control of acid rain
nitrogen +sulfur

A

coal desulfurisation-
wash and stream away solid iron pyrites which contains sulfur
urea sprays removes nitrogen
catalytic converters-n0x-nitrogen +oxygen reduction

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20
Q

tropospheri ozone effects

A

bronchittis-toxic to plants-reduces growth rate

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21
Q

source of tropospheric ozone + control

A

secondary pollutant-photochemical reactions with nitrous oxides
reduce levels of nitrous oxides-catalytic converters

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22
Q

carbon monoxide effects

A

binds to haemoglobin-carries less oxygen -brain damage
catalytic converters oxidise carbon moxide to carbon dioxide

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23
Q

factors affecting dilution

A

effluent quantity
volume of water
residence time-less likely to build up if shorter

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24
Q

factors affecting degradation

A

removal rate-less of a problem if they adsorb to sediment like pesticides
dispersal-makes it seem as thouggh pollutants have gone-high persistance pollution stays in the water

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25
Q

effects of thermal pollution in water

A

dissolved 02 levels determined by temperature
-death to sensitive organisms which are close to range of tolerance already -denature proteins in aquatic life
non indiginous species introduced to the are a-warmer climate
pollutant toxicity greater as they are metabolised faster

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26
Q

control of thermal pollution

A

cooling towers -cool power stations effluent-into atmosphere-spray hot water from shower floor onto the ground -causing it to evaporate out

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27
Q

causes of oil pollution

A

oiltamker accidents crashes

oil pipeline leaks

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28
Q

effects of oil pollution

A

benzene-toxic kills plankton near surface of water
brids drowning-feathers stick together losing insualtive properties=hypotermia

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29
Q

control of oil pollution
prevention of oil release
improved tanker operation

A

recycling oil lubricants
better navigation systems -gps-auto identification system-is=dentify where ships are
tank washing procedures-wash out tar build up -used to use seawater now use recirculating oil

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30
Q

improved tanker designs

A

twin enginesif one breaks down other can be used-less likely to be carried to rocks by wind
double hull-2m between sea and oil-less likely spill

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31
Q

treatment of oil spills

A

absorbent materials-high s.a. absorb oil-incinerated or landfill

booms-inflatable devices restrict movement of oil -skirt retains oil if there is a current -no open water too strong

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32
Q

pesticide pollution oroperties

A

specificty-mdaf-always fatal-target species
mdnf -never fatal-non target species
persistemce
bioaccumulation
biomagnification
mobility

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33
Q

direct+indirect effects of pesticides

A

non target species toxic -ill health even if they re are non lethal-ddt stetile
species interdepemdance less pollinators

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34
Q

impacts on environemnts of organichlorines+features

A

DDT-high persistence -long terrm protection
killed lots of bees and beetles+biomagnify up food chain

35
Q

impacts on environment of organophosphates+features

A

neurotoxins-acetylcholine esterase inactivaitng enzyme activity-nerve function
low persistemce +liposolubility-less biomagnification
farmers overexposure may cause alzheimers

36
Q

neonicotinoids features+impact

A

neurotoxins-reduce acetylcholine activity-bee population decrease -affects immune system -brkoen doewn by sunlight-may enetr aquifers
relatively persistent

37
Q

reducing pesticides pollution

A

restrictions on use -banned -DDT
use of systematic pesticides -abd=sorbed by roots and translocated less spraying-as it wont be washed off
application timing-in evenign less bees flying

38
Q

cultural eutrophication-process

A

phosphates +nitartes enter unpolluted lake from farmland
algae shaes macrophytes-less photosynthesis
breaks down with aerobic respiration deoxygenates water
cyanobacetria may release toxins -kills livestock
algae dies out when nutrients are lost+food web collapse
lake victoria

39
Q

effects of nitrates to humans

A

carcinogens of stomach conacer and blue baby sydrome

40
Q

control of inorganic nutrients

A

reduce ploughing in heavy rain
Reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers-leguminous crops

Soluble rapid release fertilisers

41
Q

effects of organic nutrient pollution

A

deoxygenation-eutroph
pathogens-sewage-typhoid

42
Q

treatment of organic effluent

A

pre treatment-removal of solids with screens
Primary treatment
faecal matter left to sink to bottom
secondary treatment
aeration tanks-DOM broken down by bacteria
tertiary treatment-used if area is of ecological sensitivity-sterliisiation using uv

43
Q

sludge treatment

A

during primary sedimattaation
very smelly
used as agricuktura l feryiliser-heat treatment kill any bacteria

44
Q

acid mine drainage effects+control

A

leachate through soil-toxic
crushed limetsone neutralsies water

45
Q

heavy metal properties

A

liposolubility-biomagnification
soluble at low ph
inhibt enzyme function on nervous sytem

46
Q

lead pollution cause + control

A

industrial workers -inhale dust brain damage
fishing weights-may be lost or discarded - eaten by swans -replaced with tungsten less toxic
paint-accelerates drying +durability dusty flakes inhaled-hot air guns safer removing old paint

47
Q

mercury pollutant sources

A

disposal of batteries

48
Q

different chemical forms of mercury + effects

A

liquid-not easily sborbed by skin/gut
organic mercury-easily absorbed by skin + inhaled-liposoluble - blood brain barrier + placenta

49
Q

control of mercury pollution

A

alchol thermometres instead of mercury

50
Q

tin effect+control

A

antifouling at bottom of boats-(TBT) toxic to marine organisms
endocrine distruptor-reproductive growth chamge
copper replaced

51
Q

iron effect+control

A

deoxygenates water -soluble-iron mine dispersal heaps -leachate-oxidises becomes insoluble
mesh screens iron oxidises deposits on them

52
Q

solid waste sources

A

mine heaps+ spooil
municipal-packaging+paper

53
Q

properties of solid waste

A

degradability -flammability
radioactivity-toxicity

54
Q

increased watse strategoies

A

built in obsolescence –short lifespan
over-packaging

55
Q

factors affecting wate disposal methods

A

mass of waste
land availabilty
community cooperation-recycling etc
properties

56
Q

good+bad landfill features

A

Good
collection of methane -fuel
impermeable cap-less leachate
perimeter fence less wind
Bad
loss of materials-metals
toxic leachate
habitat loss

57
Q

spoil heaps managemnt

A

Stability-vegetation reduces landslides
Toxic leachate-collected and treated preventing them entering water systems
flammable waste-coal -reduced by regular layers fine material reducing air flow redcuing chances of spontaneous combustion

58
Q

incineration advantages

A

advantages-
volume of ash is less than original waste mass
heat produced can be used in district heating

59
Q

disadvantages if incineration

A

valuable recyclable material lost
fuel used to combust inflammable material is expensive

60
Q

good features of incineration

A

recyclable material removed before incineration
heat produced harnessed for use-district heating
waste inciberated at high temp but waste gas cooled rapidly reducing liklihood of dioxins

61
Q

Asbestos

A

inert and persistent scaring of lungs causes mesothelioma
requires specialsist handling -must be encapsulated

62
Q

encapsulation

A

heavy metal+cement in cotsiner immobilises waste

63
Q

vitrifcation

A

molten glass + radioactive material seabed in stainless steel containers-in well ventilated chamber reduces temperature released by waste

64
Q

aircraft engien design

A

high bypass ratio designs-have 2 cowlings instead of 1 smooths airflow reducing noise
engine acoustic liners-put on the inner/outer cowling to reduce noise

65
Q

aircraft body design

A

lighter aircraft-carbon fibre -less engine thrust needed
aerodynamics-welding panels creates less turbulence.

66
Q

aircraft operation

A

night flight restrictions-
restrict number of night flights path planning-aboid densely populated areas

67
Q

control of noisier aircraft

A

restricted night flights
charges for noisier aircraft
£500 per db gtg

68
Q

railway noise control+ Where cosa it come from

A

wheel noise-good carriage suspnesioin
engine squeal on corners-lubrication

69
Q

where does road traffic noise come from ane how to reduce

A

engine noise-acoustic insulatioin atound engine
general road noise -redirected traffic routes

70
Q

industrial noise

A

metal conveyors-use wheels inbetween
use ear protection
sound absorbing surfasces in the room

71
Q

domestic noise

A

domestic appliances woith acoustic absorbers
volume limiters on music equipment

72
Q

measuring noise pollution

A

modifyoing the db scale-human hearing weighting sounds between 1000-4000hz as we are most sensitive to that

73
Q

measuring road traffic noise

A

TNI-makes representative data using LA90 and LA10

74
Q

measuring aircraft noise levels

A

LEQ 57 dB- average sound level over a particular period of time

75
Q

effects of ionisation radiation

A

damage to nucleus-more mutations
somatic cells -general body cells

76
Q

exposure and contamination difference

A

exposure-close to radiation to reach them
contaminated-direct contact

77
Q

activation products

A

exposure of many types of products does not cause the affect

78
Q

ionising radiation
use
risk benefit analysis
sources

A

pest control
x ray
symptoms may take along time to develo-low doses
accurate data on exposure

medical ecpsoure -x ray bones
nuclear elecricty generation

79
Q

factors that affect ionising radiation+effects

A

half life-release all radiation a lot faster-short term effects-
gonadic effects-testes
somatic cells- geenral body cells
damage to nucleus

80
Q

principle +strategies controls of ionsing radiation

A

as low as reasonably achievable
decontamination-washing,scrubbing and removeing exfoliating surface contamination-
wearing protective clothing

81
Q

cpa factors

A

effect on soulbility by oh
bio accumulation in food chain contamination

82
Q

critical group m factors

A

where people live in relation to radioactive substance-
time spent outside

83
Q
A

my sets nic (15 decks)

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