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topic 10 Flashcards

1
Q

properties of pollution

A

persistence
toxicity
specificity
reactivity
bioaccumulation
biomagnification
synergism
mutagenic action-UV-cancer
teratogenic-birth abnormalities
solubility in lipids+water

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2
Q

environmental features affecting pollution degradation

A

temperature
light levels
oxygen-sewage-water decompostition of DOM
pH-affects solubility

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3
Q

factors affecting dispersalin general

A

wind and water currents -direction
temperature inversions- warm effluent spreads around as it rises as it is war,mer than surroudong air by wind paths

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4
Q

factors that allow for temperature inversions

A

valleys-colder dense air rises
low wimd velocity
cloudless skies
mist or fog

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5
Q

CPA-wat does it assess

A

p[redicts movement of pollutats +severity-properties
radioactive discharge main use

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6
Q

CGM-critical group monitoring

A

assessing public exposure to most vulnerable

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7
Q

principles if pollution control

A

polluter pays principle - damage caused by pollution
Precautionary principle-assume waste causes problem dont release
Prevention of release-Catalytic converters-n0x

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8
Q

efficiency pollution control-ALAR+BATNEEC

A

expensive -may be too expensive to get net 0 emissions-
as low as reasonably achievavable
best available technology not entailing excessive costs

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9
Q

smoke
features
effect

A

small particles-higher persistance
synergism-sulfur dioxide
effects-
Reduces photosynthesis
Damage buildings -acids
Reduce temps-low albedo-nuclear winter-death of crops
depletes ozone
london smog-1952-anticyclonic conditiond

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10
Q

how to control smoke pollution-

A

clean air at-1956in responise to the 1952 london smog-no coal used in homes
Alternative energy-nat. gas in households
DPF installed in diesel cars traps 80% of smoke pm

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11
Q

how to control industrial smoke

A

bag filters-trap ppm in fabric
elctrostatic preciptartors-
effluent gas passes through chamber-charged wires attracts effluent- is used as fly ash for cement

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12
Q

more efficient combustion technology

A

increased oxygen levels in in engines fully combust organic matter

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13
Q

how does n0x form

A

n0x-exhaust gases-nitrogen and oxygen raet under high temperatiure +pressure in car engine/industrial plants forming n0x

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14
Q

photochemical effects

A

respiratory disease-bronchitis +asthma
tropo
cities more likely to have smog-warmer+increase car use -l.a. beijing

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15
Q

control of photochemical smog

A

catalytic converters-reduces n0x to nitrogen + oxygen
activated carbon filters -hydrocarbons adsorb adsorb to carbon particulates prevents secondary pollutant forming

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16
Q

acid rain how does it form

A

sulfur dioxide oxidised by ozone=sulfur trioxide -producing sulfuric acid when dissolved

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17
Q

direct impacts of phto chemcial somg

A

corrodes metals /infastructure rail lines
denature proteins(enzymes) low pH-
lichens sensitive to acid+dissolves exo-skeleton

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18
Q

indirect impacts of acid rain

A

more soluble at lower ph
causing leachate of metal ions-toxic ions absorbed by root hair cells-reduces enzyme activity-lead+alluminium-nuerotoxins

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19
Q

control of acid rain
nitrogen +sulfur

A

coal desulfurisation-
wash and stream away solid iron pyrites which contains sulfur
urea sprays removes nitrogen
catalytic converters-n0x-nitrogen +oxygen reduction

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20
Q

tropospheri ozone effects

A

bronchittis-toxic to plants-reduces growth rate

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21
Q

source of tropospheric ozone + control

A

secondary pollutant-photochemical reactions with nitrous oxides
reduce levels of nitrous oxides-catalytic converters

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22
Q

carbon monoxide effects

A

binds to haemoglobin-carries less oxygen -brain damage
catalytic converters oxidise carbon moxide to carbon dioxide

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23
Q

factors affecting dilution

A

effluent quantity
volume of water
residence time-less likely to build up if shorter

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24
Q

factors affecting degradation

A

removal rate-less of a problem if they adsorb to sediment like pesticides
dispersal-makes it seem as thouggh pollutants have gone-high persistance pollution stays in the water

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25
effects of thermal pollution in water
dissolved 02 levels determined by temperature -death to sensitive organisms which are close to range of tolerance already -denature proteins in aquatic life non indiginous species introduced to the are a-warmer climate pollutant toxicity greater as they are metabolised faster
26
control of thermal pollution
cooling towers -cool power stations effluent-into atmosphere-spray hot water from shower floor onto the ground -causing it to evaporate out
27
causes of oil pollution
oiltamker accidents crashes oil pipeline leaks
28
effects of oil pollution
benzene-toxic kills plankton near surface of water brids drowning-feathers stick together losing insualtive properties=hypotermia
29
control of oil pollution prevention of oil release improved tanker operation
recycling oil lubricants better navigation systems -gps-auto identification system-is=dentify where ships are tank washing procedures-wash out tar build up -used to use seawater now use recirculating oil
30
improved tanker designs
twin enginesif one breaks down other can be used-less likely to be carried to rocks by wind double hull-2m between sea and oil-less likely spill
31
treatment of oil spills
absorbent materials-high s.a. absorb oil-incinerated or landfill booms-inflatable devices restrict movement of oil -skirt retains oil if there is a current -no open water too strong
32
pesticide pollution oroperties
specificty-mdaf-always fatal-target species mdnf -never fatal-non target species persistemce bioaccumulation biomagnification mobility
33
direct+indirect effects of pesticides
non target species toxic -ill health even if they re are non lethal-ddt stetile species interdepemdance less pollinators
34
impacts on environemnts of organichlorines+features
DDT-high persistence -long terrm protection killed lots of bees and beetles+biomagnify up food chain
35
impacts on environment of organophosphates+features
neurotoxins-acetylcholine esterase inactivaitng enzyme activity-nerve function low persistemce +liposolubility-less biomagnification farmers overexposure may cause alzheimers
36
neonicotinoids features+impact
neurotoxins-reduce acetylcholine activity-bee population decrease -affects immune system -brkoen doewn by sunlight-may enetr aquifers relatively persistent
37
reducing pesticides pollution
restrictions on use -banned -DDT use of systematic pesticides -abd=sorbed by roots and translocated less spraying-as it wont be washed off application timing-in evenign less bees flying
38
cultural eutrophication-process
phosphates +nitartes enter unpolluted lake from farmland algae shaes macrophytes-less photosynthesis breaks down with aerobic respiration deoxygenates water cyanobacetria may release toxins -kills livestock algae dies out when nutrients are lost+food web collapse lake victoria
39
effects of nitrates to humans
carcinogens of stomach conacer and blue baby sydrome
40
control of inorganic nutrients
reduce ploughing in heavy rain Reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers-leguminous crops Soluble rapid release fertilisers
41
effects of organic nutrient pollution
deoxygenation-eutroph pathogens-sewage-typhoid
42
treatment of organic effluent
pre treatment-removal of solids with screens Primary treatment faecal matter left to sink to bottom secondary treatment aeration tanks-DOM broken down by bacteria tertiary treatment-used if area is of ecological sensitivity-sterliisiation using uv
43
sludge treatment
during primary sedimattaation very smelly used as agricuktura l feryiliser-heat treatment kill any bacteria
44
acid mine drainage effects+control
leachate through soil-toxic crushed limetsone neutralsies water
45
heavy metal properties
liposolubility-biomagnification soluble at low ph inhibt enzyme function on nervous sytem
46
lead pollution cause + control
industrial workers -inhale dust brain damage fishing weights-may be lost or discarded - eaten by swans -replaced with tungsten less toxic paint-accelerates drying +durability dusty flakes inhaled-hot air guns safer removing old paint
47
mercury pollutant sources
disposal of batteries
48
different chemical forms of mercury + effects
liquid-not easily sborbed by skin/gut organic mercury-easily absorbed by skin + inhaled-liposoluble - blood brain barrier + placenta
49
control of mercury pollution
alchol thermometres instead of mercury
50
tin effect+control
antifouling at bottom of boats-(TBT) toxic to marine organisms endocrine distruptor-reproductive growth chamge copper replaced
51
iron effect+control
deoxygenates water -soluble-iron mine dispersal heaps -leachate-oxidises becomes insoluble mesh screens iron oxidises deposits on them
52
solid waste sources
mine heaps+ spooil municipal-packaging+paper
53
properties of solid waste
degradability -flammability radioactivity-toxicity
54
increased watse strategoies
built in obsolescence --short lifespan over-packaging
55
factors affecting wate disposal methods
mass of waste land availabilty community cooperation-recycling etc properties
56
good+bad landfill features
Good collection of methane -fuel impermeable cap-less leachate perimeter fence less wind Bad loss of materials-metals toxic leachate habitat loss
57
spoil heaps managemnt
Stability-vegetation reduces landslides Toxic leachate-collected and treated preventing them entering water systems flammable waste-coal -reduced by regular layers fine material reducing air flow redcuing chances of spontaneous combustion
58
incineration advantages
advantages- volume of ash is less than original waste mass heat produced can be used in district heating
59
disadvantages if incineration
valuable recyclable material lost fuel used to combust inflammable material is expensive
60
good features of incineration
recyclable material removed before incineration heat produced harnessed for use-district heating waste inciberated at high temp but waste gas cooled rapidly reducing liklihood of dioxins
61
Asbestos
inert and persistent scaring of lungs causes mesothelioma requires specialsist handling -must be encapsulated
62
encapsulation
heavy metal+cement in cotsiner immobilises waste
63
vitrifcation
molten glass + radioactive material seabed in stainless steel containers-in well ventilated chamber reduces temperature released by waste
64
aircraft engien design
high bypass ratio designs-have 2 cowlings instead of 1 smooths airflow reducing noise engine acoustic liners-put on the inner/outer cowling to reduce noise
65
aircraft body design
lighter aircraft-carbon fibre -less engine thrust needed aerodynamics-welding panels creates less turbulence.
66
aircraft operation
night flight restrictions- restrict number of night flights path planning-aboid densely populated areas
67
control of noisier aircraft
restricted night flights charges for noisier aircraft £500 per db gtg
68
railway noise control+ Where cosa it come from
wheel noise-good carriage suspnesioin engine squeal on corners-lubrication
69
where does road traffic noise come from ane how to reduce
engine noise-acoustic insulatioin atound engine general road noise -redirected traffic routes
70
industrial noise
metal conveyors-use wheels inbetween use ear protection sound absorbing surfasces in the room
71
domestic noise
domestic appliances woith acoustic absorbers volume limiters on music equipment
72
measuring noise pollution
modifyoing the db scale-human hearing weighting sounds between 1000-4000hz as we are most sensitive to that
73
measuring road traffic noise
TNI-makes representative data using LA90 and LA10
74
measuring aircraft noise levels
LEQ 57 dB- average sound level over a particular period of time
75
effects of ionisation radiation
damage to nucleus-more mutations somatic cells -general body cells
76
exposure and contamination difference
exposure-close to radiation to reach them contaminated-direct contact
77
activation products
exposure of many types of products does not cause the affect
78
ionising radiation use risk benefit analysis sources
pest control x ray symptoms may take along time to develo-low doses accurate data on exposure medical ecpsoure -x ray bones nuclear elecricty generation
79
factors that affect ionising radiation+effects
half life-release all radiation a lot faster-short term effects- gonadic effects-testes somatic cells- geenral body cells damage to nucleus
80
principle +strategies controls of ionsing radiation
as low as reasonably achievable decontamination-washing,scrubbing and removeing exfoliating surface contamination- wearing protective clothing
81
cpa factors
effect on soulbility by oh bio accumulation in food chain contamination
82
critical group m factors
where people live in relation to radioactive substance- time spent outside
83

my sets nic (15 decks)

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