topic 2 Flashcards by nicolo vinti

examples of biomimetrics

vehicle design-planes wings-reduce drage
architecture
adhesion-geko feet

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medicines examples biomemitrics

aspirin-willow trees-synthetoically produced now

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physiological research
biomietrics

hippos sweat -natural sunscreen-help treats burns
marsupiasls popuch-research issuues with development of issues

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pest controls examples biological controls

ladybirds+ground beetles-aphids

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cwr characteristics(4)

disease resistance-sugar cane mosaic virus resistant
higher yield-
improved taste- pineapples since 1990s selecytive breeding
salt tolerance-sea kale

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what is a vavilov centre
issues+importance

high conc. of close relatives of important crop species
deforestation

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gene pool issues

suseptible to same disease

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ecosystem services

Atmospherics compostion -d.equ-photosyn
Pollination-insect pollination better than wind pollination-wind velocity reduced in forests
Interspecies relationships
Seed dispersal

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direct exploitation threats to biodiversity

food
fashion
pets/entertainment
furniture
medicines

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change in abiotic factors caused by humans

water availability-wetland drainage
dissolved oxygen
temperature-r.o.t
pH
water turbidity
physical damage-ghost fishing

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biotic factor changes

pollinatirs -less reproduction of plants
food chain impactcs

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introduced speciesissues + example

predators
competitors-cane toad
pathogens
hydridisation
loss of species

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human causes of habitat destruction examples

deforestatino
mineral extration
reservoirs

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conservation regulator-organisationbig one

IUCN-coordinate global diversity -deploy natur based solutions
red list
extinct
extinxt in the wild
critcally endangered
endagered
vulnerable

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how iucn categorises select species for catergorisation

habitats under particular threat
endemic species
keystone species-Africain forest elephant
flagship species
edge species-pygmy hippo

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legal legislations

wildlife and countryside act 1981
SSSI, NNR, Ramsar sites
CITES-appendix 1-no trade
IWC-aboriginal subsistence+quotas+japan
CFP-catch quootas+net mesh size
ITTO-sustainable timber

difficultoiies of ex situ

habitat size
food requirementplankton fish
species interelationships-plants mymccorhizal root fungi
cost

inhibtion of successful breeding

seasonal

breeding habitat-mirror flamingos
gene pool
hybridisation

increasing breeding success

cryopreservation
artificial insemintation
embryo transfer-bongo common eland -hormones stimulate ovulation
micro-propogation
cloning

successful releases programmes

reliable food source
low predation risk
local human pop. support

how do soft releases help increase likelihood of survival

recognise food and poison
hunting skills
avoid predators
accepted into wild social groups

habitat conservation approaches

land ownership-ngo-rspb
deignated protected areas-sssi nnr spa
voluntary agri-environemntal schemes-
famers gain subsidies -keep beetle banks
low input on grassland-protects wildflowers

seed banks -

stored in dry cold conditions-maintains biodiversity-10,000 per species-millenial seed bank

habitat creation

unintentional - old quarry floods
intentional habitat s-understanding of abiotic and biotic factors

things you have to think about for designing a habitat design not in a zoo

habitat area biological corridors-linking isolated areas habitat diversity-greater range of niches easier for animals to colonise water depth light levels

provisioin of abiotic factors in habitats

water dissolved oxygen temperature light levels pH-denatures proteins salinity opossum shrimp need high slat

control of biotic factors

food control of predation-scilly isles rat readictation control of competitors -removal of rhodededron bush to increase wildflower populations contorl of pathogens -density dependent -reomve weakest to reduce chance of break out of disease rewilding-yellowstone1926

control of ecological succession

grazing-prevents establishment of taller plants mowing burning coppicing pollarding

broadleaf woodland features threat managemnet

no extremes-water all year fertile soils high biodiveristy threat clearance+fragmentation copppicing+planting mixed species dpa

tropical rainforest

stable-warm regular rainfall rapid decay-shallow DOM threats- timber harvetsing alternative ladn use -reservoirs+mineral extraction conservation - debt for nature swaps-usa+Brazil-21 million

tropical coral reefs

symbiotic alage-zooxanthellae inside polyps-absorb light provides glucose +oxygen coral gives it c02 ECOLOGICAL FEATURES temperature-25-29 degrees -bright sunlight low turbidity IMPORTACE -fisheries medicinal discovery sponge in Caribbean-AZT- HIV climate control + tourism threats physical damage, sedimentation, coral bleaching introduced species, fishing conservation- fishing quotas,tourism controls sustainable exploitation reef creation

deep water coral

dont have algae-slower gtrwoth rate threats- deep water trawling killed sea bed creatures-exlpoitaation of oil and gas easy to exploit fish slo wgroeeth rate ocean acidifaction SAC

oceanic islands

features isolation of biodiversity endemic+edge species lack of predators importance medicines threats introduced species habiuta destruction-sea elvels exploitation of species conservation culling of animals

mangroves

halophytic trees live near intertidal range-good in stormy weather importance large biodiverse coastal erosion-reduce wave energy on vulnerable-coral reefs-less sedimentation coastline fisheries medicine threats aquaculture +urban ports conservation designated protected areas 2015

antartica

pristine low temp high marine nutrients-surface water bought up from seabed,seasonal variation importamce 70% freshwater+high surafce albedo krill -large mineral deposits isolated threats-global cc ozone depletion-plankton harmed tourism +overfishing+future mineral extraction conservation antartic treaty control of tourism waste managemnt no mineral extraction +military testing