Topic 8: Transport systems in mammals Flashcards
What are the 3 main parts of the blood circulation system and give their function?
Blood - the fluid in which substances flow from one area of body to another
Blood vessels - tubes in which blood circulates
Pump - to circulate fluid
What are the 2 circulation systems?
Pulmonary - carries blood from heart to lungs
Systemic - carries blood from heart to body
What does the muscle organ do?
Pumps blood through vessels to all body parts
What is the pericardium?
Double membrane
Surrounding heat
Fluid between 2 membranes
Reduces friction with contraction and relaxation
What are the differences between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins?
Pulmonary artery - blood away from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein - blood away from lungs to heart
Explain the direction of blood flow
Deoxygenated blood from body → venae cavae → R atrium → tricuspid valve → R ventricle → leaves heart → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → oxygenated →
returns to heart → pulmonary veins → L atrium → bicuspid valve → L ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → oxygenated blood to body
What are the 2 types of heart valves?
Cuspid
Semi-Lunar
Where is the cuspid valve located?
Bicuspid - between L atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid - between R atrium and ventricle
Where is the semi-lunar valves located?
Inside the aorta and pulmonary artery
What is the papillae?
Points where the valve tenons are attached to heart walls
What do valve tendons do?
Prevent blood ffrom entering the atrium
Explain the atriole systole?
Blood pushed though bicuspid and tricuspid valves into ventricles
What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?
Prevents backflow of blood
What are the three stages of a heart beat?
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
General diastole
Explain the ventricular systole?
Blood leaves heart via aorta and pulmonary artery
Explain general diastole?
Blood enters atria via venae cavae and pulmonary veins. Cuspid valves are open and blood trickles into ventricles
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Where heart beat begins
Natural pacemaker
In wall of right atrium
Attached to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
What is adrenaline?
Hormone that stimulates sympathetic nerve – increases heart rate – blood pumped to
body more rapidly – release energy – necessary for body to cope effectively
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Veins
Arteries
Capillaries
Explain how arteries work?
Carry blood away from heart
Blood flows under high pressure
Carries oxygenated blood
Lumen is small
Explain how capillaries work?
Lumen is very small
Form network
Explain how veins work?
Carry blood to heart
Blood flows under low pressure
Valves present
Carry deoxygenated blood
Large lumen
What are the functions of blood?
Carries substances from one part of body to another
Plays an important role in fighting diseases
Helps control and regulate body temp
What are the components of blood?
Liquid plamsa
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets
What is the function of red blood cells?
Large cells
Unusually shaped nuclei
Various roles in immune systems
Destroy foreign cells and get rid of dying cells
What is the function of plasma?
Carry things around the body life food and minerals
What are the function of white blood cells?
Disc-shaped, biconcave cells, no nuclei
Contain haemoglobin to carry O2 and CO2
Biconcave shape - large surface are of gaseous exchange
What is the lymphatic system?
A network of tissues and organs, including lymph nodes and vessels, that helps maintain fluid balance, defend against infections, and support the immune system by transporting lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells.
What are the different fluids and where is it found?
Blood vessels - plasma
Surrounding cells - tissue fluid
Lymph vessels - lymph
How are capillaries involved in the lymphatic system?
As blood capillaries travel through tissue, fluid filters out of capillaries – tissue fluid
What are the 2 major lymph vessels?
Right lymphatic duct - returns lymph to blood stream via right subclavian vein
Left thoracic duct - returns lymph to blood via left subclavian vein
What is the subclvian veins?
Carry blood to
heart, lie beneath clavicles
What is the structure of the lymph vessels?
Blind-ended
Similarto veins
Thin-walled
Semi-lunar valves
What is the structure of the lymph gland/node?
Occur in certain regions of body
White blood cells found in large numbers
Lymph travels through nodes
Anny virus is destroyed by the white blood cells
What is the function of the lymph?
Helps circulatory system to return fluid to heart
What is the function of the lacteal?
Lymph vessels inside vili of small inestines and aids in absorption and transport of fat around the body
What is the function of lymph glands?
Vital role in destroying parthenogenic organisms
How does the lymphatic system differ from the blood circulatory system?
Lacks pump
Blind-ended
What organisms push lymph back towards the heart?
Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow
Muscular movement during exercise
What does it mean when it says the lymphatic system is blind-ended?
Only transports fluid back in one direction
What is elephatitis?
A condition caused by parasite that is transmitted from one person to another by a mosquito which causes the lymph glands to become blcoked
What can cause cardiovascular diseases?
Smoking
Alcohol
Overweight
Lack of exercise
Stress
Diet rich in fat
What are some heart diseases?
High blood pressure
Low blood pressure
Heart attack
Stroke
High blood pressure?
Symptoms: none
Causes: medical problem or medication
Treatment: medication, eat fruits and vegetables
Low blood pressure?
Symptoms: lack of energy
Causes: too little circulation in the body
Treatment: More water and salty foods
Heart attack?
Symptoms: pain, nausea, dizziness
Causes: When vessels of the heart get clogged or blocked
Treatment: medication, medical procedures
Stroke?
Symptoms: Paralysis
Causes: blood clot or burst vessel preventing oxygen to the brain
Treatment: medication that helps blood clotting
What are the treatments of heart disease?
Stent
Valve replacement
Pacemaker
Bypass surgery
heart transplant
Xenotransplantation
