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Biology > Topic 8: Transport systems in mammals > Flashcards

Topic 8: Transport systems in mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the blood circulation system and give their function?

A

Blood - the fluid in which substances flow from one area of body to another
Blood vessels - tubes in which blood circulates
Pump - to circulate fluid

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2
Q

What are the 2 circulation systems?

A

Pulmonary - carries blood from heart to lungs
Systemic - carries blood from heart to body

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3
Q

What does the muscle organ do?

A

Pumps blood through vessels to all body parts

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Double membrane
Surrounding heat
Fluid between 2 membranes
Reduces friction with contraction and relaxation

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5
Q

What are the differences between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins?

A

Pulmonary artery - blood away from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein - blood away from lungs to heart

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6
Q

Explain the direction of blood flow

A

Deoxygenated blood from body → venae cavae → R atrium → tricuspid valve → R ventricle → leaves heart → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs → oxygenated →
returns to heart → pulmonary veins → L atrium → bicuspid valve → L ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → oxygenated blood to body

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of heart valves?

A

Cuspid
Semi-Lunar

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8
Q

Where is the cuspid valve located?

A

Bicuspid - between L atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid - between R atrium and ventricle

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9
Q

Where is the semi-lunar valves located?

A

Inside the aorta and pulmonary artery

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10
Q

What is the papillae?

A

Points where the valve tenons are attached to heart walls

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11
Q

What do valve tendons do?

A

Prevent blood ffrom entering the atrium

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12
Q

Explain the atriole systole?

A

Blood pushed though bicuspid and tricuspid valves into ventricles

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12
Q

What is the function of the semi-lunar valves?

A

Prevents backflow of blood

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13
Q

What are the three stages of a heart beat?

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
General diastole

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14
Q

Explain the ventricular systole?

A

Blood leaves heart via aorta and pulmonary artery

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15
Q

Explain general diastole?

A

Blood enters atria via venae cavae and pulmonary veins. Cuspid valves are open and blood trickles into ventricles

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16
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

Where heart beat begins
Natural pacemaker
In wall of right atrium
Attached to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve

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17
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Hormone that stimulates sympathetic nerve – increases heart rate – blood pumped to
body more rapidly – release energy – necessary for body to cope effectively

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18
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels?

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

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18
Q

Explain how arteries work?

A

Carry blood away from heart
Blood flows under high pressure
Carries oxygenated blood
Lumen is small

18
Q

Explain how capillaries work?

A

Lumen is very small
Form network

19
Q

Explain how veins work?

A

Carry blood to heart
Blood flows under low pressure
Valves present
Carry deoxygenated blood
Large lumen

19
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Carries substances from one part of body to another
Plays an important role in fighting diseases
Helps control and regulate body temp

20
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Liquid plamsa
Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leucocytes)
Platelets

21
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Large cells
Unusually shaped nuclei
Various roles in immune systems
Destroy foreign cells and get rid of dying cells

21
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carry things around the body life food and minerals

22
Q
A
22
Q

What are the function of white blood cells?

A

Disc-shaped, biconcave cells, no nuclei
Contain haemoglobin to carry O2 and CO2
Biconcave shape - large surface are of gaseous exchange

22
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A network of tissues and organs, including lymph nodes and vessels, that helps maintain fluid balance, defend against infections, and support the immune system by transporting lymph, a fluid containing white blood cells.

22
Q

What are the different fluids and where is it found?

A

Blood vessels - plasma
Surrounding cells - tissue fluid
Lymph vessels - lymph

22
Q

How are capillaries involved in the lymphatic system?

A

As blood capillaries travel through tissue, fluid filters out of capillaries – tissue fluid

22
Q

What are the 2 major lymph vessels?

A

Right lymphatic duct - returns lymph to blood stream via right subclavian vein
Left thoracic duct - returns lymph to blood via left subclavian vein

23
Q

What is the subclvian veins?

A

Carry blood to
heart, lie beneath clavicles

23
Q

What is the structure of the lymph vessels?

A

Blind-ended
Similarto veins
Thin-walled
Semi-lunar valves

23
Q

What is the structure of the lymph gland/node?

A

Occur in certain regions of body
White blood cells found in large numbers
Lymph travels through nodes
Anny virus is destroyed by the white blood cells

24
Q

What is the function of the lymph?

A

Helps circulatory system to return fluid to heart

25
Q

What is the function of the lacteal?

A

Lymph vessels inside vili of small inestines and aids in absorption and transport of fat around the body

26
Q

What is the function of lymph glands?

A

Vital role in destroying parthenogenic organisms

27
Q

How does the lymphatic system differ from the blood circulatory system?

A

Lacks pump
Blind-ended

28
Q

What organisms push lymph back towards the heart?

A

Semi-lunar valves prevent backflow
Muscular movement during exercise

29
Q

What does it mean when it says the lymphatic system is blind-ended?

A

Only transports fluid back in one direction

29
Q

What is elephatitis?

A

A condition caused by parasite that is transmitted from one person to another by a mosquito which causes the lymph glands to become blcoked

30
Q

What can cause cardiovascular diseases?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Overweight
Lack of exercise
Stress
Diet rich in fat

31
Q

What are some heart diseases?

A

High blood pressure
Low blood pressure
Heart attack
Stroke

32
Q

High blood pressure?

A

Symptoms: none
Causes: medical problem or medication
Treatment: medication, eat fruits and vegetables

33
Q

Low blood pressure?

A

Symptoms: lack of energy
Causes: too little circulation in the body
Treatment: More water and salty foods

33
Q

Heart attack?

A

Symptoms: pain, nausea, dizziness
Causes: When vessels of the heart get clogged or blocked
Treatment: medication, medical procedures

34
Q

Stroke?

A

Symptoms: Paralysis
Causes: blood clot or burst vessel preventing oxygen to the brain
Treatment: medication that helps blood clotting

35
Q

What are the treatments of heart disease?

A

Stent
Valve replacement
Pacemaker
Bypass surgery
heart transplant
Xenotransplantation

Biology (9 decks)

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