Topic 2: The basic unit of life Flashcards
What is a hand lens (5-20)?
Study small plants and animals
Cannot see cells
What is a light microscope (100-2000)?
Study simple features
Used light focused by glass lens
What is a Scanning electron microscope (1000-100000)?
SEM
See smaller structures inside cell
What is a transmission electron microscope (million)?
TEM
Shine electrons through thin slices of cells
What is unicellular?
Consists of one cell
What is multicellular?
Consists of many cells
What is cell theory?
Everything consists of cells
Smallest living things
Arise from pre-existing cells
What does a plant cell have that an animal cell doesn’t have?
Cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts
Defined shape
Plastids
What is a cell membrane?
Allows certain things in and certain things out
Plasmelemma
Outer covering cell
What is the cell membrane made of?
Phospholipids and proteins
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Very thin-can bend in shape
Small molecules and ions continuously move in and out
What enters the cell membrane?
Sugars
Amino acids
Nutrients
Dissolved gasses
What leaves the cell membrane?
Waste products
What are secretions?
Hormones and enzymes
Produced by cell
needed in another part of body
What is cytoplasm?
Fluid substances
Used for storage and circulation
Fills space inside cell membrane
Water, mineral salts, gases and organic substances dissolve
What is a cell organell?
Different types
Only found in some types of cells
Some cell have more of certain ones depending on function of cells
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Double membrane
Nucleolus plasm fills nucleus
Nucleolus in nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Explain the chromosomes in the nucleus?
Folded and packed tightly
Chromatin network
What is the function of nucleur pores?
Allow certain substances in and out of nucleus
What is the function the chromatin network?
Has DNA
Controls process of the cell
What are made in the nucleus?
Ribosomes
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
Inner and outer membrane
Inner membrane surrounds a fluid containing enzymes
Granules contain enzymes for respiration
Explain the inner membrane?
Folded, granules on folds
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Process of respiration takes place
Muscle tissue-many
What happens during the process of respiration?
O2 used to break down organic substances
Energy released
Products-CO2 +H2O
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Double structure membrane that folds and forms channels
Rough ER
Smooth ER
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Manufactures
Store
Transports food
What is the structure of the golgi body?
In most cells
Stack of membrane
Membrane pinch off to form vesicles > contains proteins and lipids
What is the function of the golgi body?
Collect proteins and lipids from ER > pack into vesicles > distribute to different parts of cell-secreted as hormones or enzymes > for lysosomes
What are vesicles?
Found in animal cells
Carry water
Often food in water
Absorbs and spits water to control water levels
What are lysosomes?
Only in animal cells
Garbage disposal
Destroys foreign materials, digests food and breaks down dead cells and cell organelles
What is the cell wall?
Made of cellulose
Surrounds cell membrane
Only in plant cells
Also lignin > gives cell strength
What is the function of the cell wall?
Gives shape
Supports
Protects
What is the vacuole?
Large one in plant cell and small one in animal cell
Surrounded by tonoplasts
Filled with cell sap
What is the function of the vacuole?
Gives cell shape
Absorbs and releases water
What are the 3 plastids?
Chromoplasts
Chloroplasts
Leucoplasts
What are chromoplasts?
Contains red, orange and yellow pigments
Gives colours to flowers and fruits
What are chloroplasts?
Contains chlorophyll
Found in green plants
Double membrane > inner membrane and outer membrane
What is the function chroloplasts?
Gives green colour
Starch changes back to sugar when needed
Traps radiant energy from sun > photosynthesis > produce sugar > stored as starch granules in chloroplasts
What are leucoplasts?
Colourless
Found mainly in cells or roots or tubes
Store food, mostly in form of starch
What are the 3 substances enter or leave a cell?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
What is diffusion?
The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across cell membranes.
What is osmosis and what are the 2 types?
Movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
Endosmosis
Exosmosis
What is endomosis?
Water moves in
What is exosmosis?
Water moves out
What is active transport?
Transport of molecules across membranes against a concentration gradient and requires energy
Why do we use active transport?
Some organic molecules are too large to get through cell membrane
How are molecules transfered?
Carried through membrane by protein in membrane
Protein selects which mmbranes to carry across
Use energy from mitochondria