Topic 7: Support system in animal Flashcards
What are the 3 types of skeleton?
Hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Esplain the hydrosketelon.
Soft-bodied invertebrates are supported by the fluid inside their bodies
Fluid fills the body cells and cavities
Muscles contract against the fluid
Fluid provides excellent support but not shape
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the hydrostatic skeletons?
Advantages:
-Does not require specialised
support structures or tissues
Disadvantages:
-No protection
-Limited size
-Limited speed
Explain the exoskeleton.
Hard outside
Found in arthropods and crustaceans
Made up of chitin
Chitin forms body plates with flexible joints
Muscles attach to it
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the exoskeleton?
Advantages:
-Provides body support and attachment for
muscles.
-Reduces water loss.
-Thin and flexible at joints for movement.
-Protects from injury
Disadvantages:
-Chitin cannot grow or stretch – animal must moult.
-During moulting – body
unprotected, easy prey.
-Limited size
Explain the endoskeleton.
Skeletons inside the body
Lower chordates:
-notochord
-single supporting rod, below central nerve cord
-acts as internal skeleton
-muscles act against it
Vertebrates:
-notochord replaced by vertebral column
-made of cartilage or bone
-Surrounds and protects central nerve cord
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the endoskeleton?
Advantages:
-Joints make body flexible
-Animals can grow larger as skeleton tissue grows
-Protects internal organs from injury
-Provide structural support
-Provide more positions for attachment of muscles
Disadvantages:
-Takes long to repair damage
What is the function of the skeleton?
- Forms framework to support other parts of
body - Protects vital organs
- Allows muscle movement
- Aid in hearing
- Store calcium and phosphorus for hardness
- Long bones manufacture blood cells
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons:
-Attach muscle to bone
-Elastin fibres: cannot stretch
-Made of fibrous tissue
Ligaments:
-Holds bone together
-Collagen fibres: provide strength
Elastin fibres: can stretch
-Made of fibrous tissue
What is a fracture?
A break in a bone
What is an X-ray?
Pass through soft tissue, but not bone - shows whether or not bone has been broken
What is a herniated disc?
A herniated disc is a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus.
What are the 3 types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Explain the difference between fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint.
Fibrous:
-Immovable
-Joints between bones of skull
Cartilaginous:
-Slightly movable
-Between vertebrae
Synovial:
-Moveable
-Knee or elbow joints
What are the 4 types off synovial joints and the direction they allow movement?
Ball-and-socket:
-All directions
-Shoulder
Hinge:
-One direction
-Elbow
Pivot:
-One bone pivots on another
-Between atlas and axis
Gliding:
-Flat surface of one bone glides across surface of bone next
-Ankle
What is the role of bone in movement?
Skeletal bones need muscles for movement, need attachments for both ends to produce movement.
Skeleton provides these points of attachment.
They play important role in support of skeleton
Bones act as levers
What is the role of muscle in movement?
Skeletal muscles allow movement to take place
Tendons attach muscles to bone – muscle contracts – pulls on bone
Muscles always work in antagonistic pairs to bring about movement: when one muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes
What is the role of joints in movement?
Where 2 or more bones come together.
Allow body to perform range of movement in different directions.
Prevent friction between ends of bones during movement.
What is the role of tendons in movement?
Attach muscles to bone and pull on bones.
Function – to ensure that the force produced by the contraction of muscles is transmitted to part of body to be moved.
What is the rold of ligaments in movement?
Hold bones together at joint.
Ligaments control direction and extent to which joint can move.
Prevent dislocation of joints by holding joint capsule in place.
What is a dislocation?
When bones slip out of their proper alignment in joint
What is the difference between sarcolemme, sarcoplasm and sarcomeres?
Sarcolemma: membrane around muscle fibre.
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fibres.
Sarcomeres: Units of each fibres in skeletal muscle
Explain muscle contraction.
Each muscle fibre made up of smaller units –
myofibrils.
Myofibrils made of two types of protein - actin &
myosin.
Myosin filaments are slightly thicker than
actin filaments
When skeletal muscle contracts actin filaments slide inwards between myosin filaments causing sarcomeres to become shorter.
Each muscle fibre is made up of many sarcomeres, when they all shorten together the whole muscle fibre contracts
What is arthritis?
Condition that affects the joints.
Cartilage and synovial fluid sacs break down providing less protection and cushioning – bones rub on one another – cause pain and inflammation.
Bones also form spurs – even more pain and instability
What is the causes and treatment of arthritis?
Causes:
-Obesity – puts pressure on joints
-Heredity and genetics also play role.
-Sports injuries.
Treatment:
-Aspirin and cortisone – reduces pain and
inflammation
-Exercise – helps by strengthening the
muscles around joint
-Traditional medication
