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Topic 1: Chemistry of life Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organic element?

A

An element that always has carbon and hydrogen together

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2
Q

What are examples of organic elements?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins

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3
Q

What is an inorganic element?

A

May contain carbon, not usually carbon and hydrogen together

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4
Q

What is the most important inorganic element?

A

Water

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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6
Q

What is the compound for carbohydrates?

A

C6 H12 O6

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7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Only one sugar

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8
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugars

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9
Q

What does glucose and glucose give you?

A

Maltose

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10
Q

What does fractose and glucose give you?

A

Sucsose

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11
Q

What does galactose and glucose give you?

A

Lactose

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12
Q

What is a pollysaccharide?

A

Many sugars

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13
Q

What bonds the molecules in a pollysaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

What can glucose x 1000 give?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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15
Q

What does cellulose prevent?

A

Constipation

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16
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for glucose?

A

Benedicts/Fehlings A+B
Blue to Brick Red

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17
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for starch?

A

Iodine
Orange to Blue/Black

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18
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for cellulose?

A

Schultz
Blue to Purple

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19
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for proteins?

A

Millions/Biuret Reagent
Blue to Purple

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20
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for lipids?

A

Alcohol
Translucent Ring

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21
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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22
Q

What is the compound for lipids

A

C,H,O

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23
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Used to store energy
Structure of cell membrane
Insulation

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24
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

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25
What are saturated fats?
Plants Liquid at room temperature Sunflower oil
26
What are unsaturated fats?
Animals Solid at room temperature Butter
27
What are the compounds of proteins?
CHONSP
28
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
29
How many amino acids are in a protein?
20
30
What are the building blocks of amino acids?
Monomers
31
What are the 2 types of peptide bonds that form amino acids?
Di-peptides Poly-peptides
32
What are proteins sensitive to?
Temperature pH
33
What are 2 types of proteins involved in maintaining homostasis?
Enzymes Hormones
34
What is homostasis?
maintains a constant internal environment
35
What are the functions of proteins?
Cellular reactions Structural role in membrane Growth Maintenance Transport across cell membrane
36
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as catalysts
37
What are the function of enzymes?
Regulate and enable all reactions in living cells
38
What would happen without enzymes?
Metabolic rate would be too low
39
How do enzymes work?
By a lock and key model
40
What happens when an enzyme and a substrate join together?
A chemical reaction takes place
41
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids) RNA (ribonucleic acids)
42
What are the compounds of nucleic acids?
CHONP
43
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
43
What is the formula for DNA?
C5 H10 O4
44
What is the formula for RNA?
C5 H10 O5
45
What is the appearances of DNA?
Nucleus Double-strand Store information
46
What is the appearances of RNA?
Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes Single-strand Plays a role in building proteins
47
What would happen if you didn't have vitamins?
You'd be dead
48
Where do we get vitamins from?
Plants
49
What is the function of vitamin A and what foods contain vitamin A?
Good for seeing Carrots
50
What are the deficiencies with no vitamin A?
Night blindness Dry skin Dry hair Broken finger nails
50
What is the function of vitamin B and what foods contain vitamin B?
Many different types Dairy and red meat
50
What are the deficiencies with no vitamin B?
Diarrhea Constipation Beri-Beri
51
What is the function of vitamin C and what foods contain vitamin C?
Affect immune system Apples and vegetables
52
What are the deficiencies with no vitamin C?
Skin sores Scurvy Nose bleed
53
What is the function of vitamin D and what foods contain vitamin D?
Bone strength Dairy and sun
54
What are the deficiencies with no vitamin D?
Rickets Bending of bones
55
What is the function of vitamin E and what foods contain vitamin E?
Promotes overall health Oils, dairy, broccoli
56
What are the deficiencies with no vitamin E?
None yet
57
What can't we do with vitamins?
Store them
58
What is calcium needed for and what is a food that contains it?
Strong teeth and bone Need vitamin D in order to be absorbed broccoli
59
What are the deficiencies of lack of calcium?
Stunned growth Rickets Oesteoporosis
60
What is magnesium needed for and what is a food that contains it?
Bone growth Helps with the energy released Avocados
61
What are the deficiencies of lack of magnesium?
Weak muscles Cramps
62
What is phosphorus needed for and what is a food that contains it?
Strong bones and teeth Help releasing energy Meat
63
What are the deficiencies of lack of phosphorus?
None
64
What is sodium needed for?
Needed to maintain bodys salt and water balance
65
What is potassium needed for?
Together with sodium helps regulate with water balance
66
What are the deficiencies of lack of potassium?
Muscle weakness Irregular heart beat General irritability
67
What is iron needed for and what is a food that contains it?
Needed for transport of oxygen Vitamin C helps with iron absorption Red meat
68
What are the deficiencies of lack of iron?
Tiredness Weakness Headaches Anaemia
69
What is iodine needed for?
Regulate metabolism Needed for thyroid gland
70
What are the deficiencies of lack of iodine?
Goitre Mental and physical retardation
71
What is the use of fertiliser?
Too much fertiliser Rains Excess water into river Algae blooms Ecosystem collapses
72
What is it called when the ecosystem collapses?
Eutrophication

Biology (9 decks)

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