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Biology > Topic 1: Chemistry of life > Flashcards

Topic 1: Chemistry of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organic element?

A

An element that always has carbon and hydrogen together

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2
Q

What are examples of organic elements?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Vitamins

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3
Q

What is an inorganic element?

A

May contain carbon, not usually carbon and hydrogen together

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4
Q

What is the most important inorganic element?

A

Water

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5
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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6
Q

What is the compound for carbohydrates?

A

C6 H12 O6

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7
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

Only one sugar

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8
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugars

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9
Q

What does glucose and glucose give you?

A

Maltose

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10
Q

What does fractose and glucose give you?

A

Sucsose

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11
Q

What does galactose and glucose give you?

A

Lactose

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12
Q

What is a pollysaccharide?

A

Many sugars

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13
Q

What bonds the molecules in a pollysaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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14
Q

What can glucose x 1000 give?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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15
Q

What does cellulose prevent?

A

Constipation

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16
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for glucose?

A

Benedicts/Fehlings A+B
Blue to Brick Red

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17
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for starch?

A

Iodine
Orange to Blue/Black

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18
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for cellulose?

A

Schultz
Blue to Purple

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19
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for proteins?

A

Millions/Biuret Reagent
Blue to Purple

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20
Q

What is the chemical and colour change for lipids?

A

Alcohol
Translucent Ring

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21
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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22
Q

What is the compound for lipids

A

C,H,O

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23
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Used to store energy
Structure of cell membrane
Insulation

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24
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

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25
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Plants
Liquid at room temperature
Sunflower oil

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26
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Animals
Solid at room temperature
Butter

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27
Q

What are the compounds of proteins?

A

CHONSP

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28
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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29
Q

How many amino acids are in a protein?

A

20

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30
Q

What are the building blocks of amino acids?

A

Monomers

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of peptide bonds that form amino acids?

A

Di-peptides
Poly-peptides

32
Q

What are proteins sensitive to?

A

Temperature
pH

33
Q

What are 2 types of proteins involved in maintaining homostasis?

A

Enzymes
Hormones

34
Q

What is homostasis?

A

maintains a constant internal environment

35
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Cellular reactions
Structural role in membrane
Growth
Maintenance
Transport across cell membrane

36
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that act as catalysts

37
Q

What are the function of enzymes?

A

Regulate and enable all reactions in living cells

38
Q

What would happen without enzymes?

A

Metabolic rate would be too low

39
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

By a lock and key model

40
Q

What happens when an enzyme and a substrate join together?

A

A chemical reaction takes place

41
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids)
RNA (ribonucleic acids)

42
Q

What are the compounds of nucleic acids?

A

CHONP

43
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

43
Q

What is the formula for DNA?

A

C5 H10 O4

44
Q

What is the formula for RNA?

A

C5 H10 O5

45
Q

What is the appearances of DNA?

A

Nucleus
Double-strand
Store information

46
Q

What is the appearances of RNA?

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes
Single-strand
Plays a role in building proteins

47
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have vitamins?

A

You’d be dead

48
Q

Where do we get vitamins from?

A

Plants

49
Q

What is the function of vitamin A and what foods contain vitamin A?

A

Good for seeing
Carrots

50
Q

What are the deficiencies with no vitamin A?

A

Night blindness
Dry skin
Dry hair
Broken finger nails

50
Q

What is the function of vitamin B and what foods contain vitamin B?

A

Many different types
Dairy and red meat

50
Q

What are the deficiencies with no vitamin B?

A

Diarrhea
Constipation
Beri-Beri

51
Q

What is the function of vitamin C and what foods contain vitamin C?

A

Affect immune system
Apples and vegetables

52
Q

What are the deficiencies with no vitamin C?

A

Skin sores
Scurvy
Nose bleed

53
Q

What is the function of vitamin D and what foods contain vitamin D?

A

Bone strength
Dairy and sun

54
Q

What are the deficiencies with no vitamin D?

A

Rickets
Bending of bones

55
Q

What is the function of vitamin E and what foods contain vitamin E?

A

Promotes overall health
Oils, dairy, broccoli

56
Q

What are the deficiencies with no vitamin E?

A

None yet

57
Q

What can’t we do with vitamins?

A

Store them

58
Q

What is calcium needed for and what is a food that contains it?

A

Strong teeth and bone
Need vitamin D in order to be absorbed
broccoli

59
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of calcium?

A

Stunned growth
Rickets
Oesteoporosis

60
Q

What is magnesium needed for and what is a food that contains it?

A

Bone growth
Helps with the energy released
Avocados

61
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of magnesium?

A

Weak muscles
Cramps

62
Q

What is phosphorus needed for and what is a food that contains it?

A

Strong bones and teeth
Help releasing energy
Meat

63
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of phosphorus?

A

None

64
Q

What is sodium needed for?

A

Needed to maintain bodys salt and water balance

65
Q

What is potassium needed for?

A

Together with sodium helps regulate with water balance

66
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of potassium?

A

Muscle weakness
Irregular heart beat
General irritability

67
Q

What is iron needed for and what is a food that contains it?

A

Needed for transport of oxygen
Vitamin C helps with iron absorption
Red meat

68
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of iron?

A

Tiredness
Weakness
Headaches
Anaemia

69
Q

What is iodine needed for?

A

Regulate metabolism
Needed for thyroid gland

70
Q

What are the deficiencies of lack of iodine?

A

Goitre
Mental and physical retardation

71
Q

What is the use of fertiliser?

A

Too much fertiliser
Rains
Excess water into river
Algae blooms
Ecosystem collapses

72
Q

What is it called when the ecosystem collapses?

A

Eutrophication

Biology (9 decks)

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