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Biology > Topic 8 - Grey Matter > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Grey Matter Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Is An Action Potential?

A

Large change in voltage across membrane, caused by changes in the permeability of the cell surface membrane

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2
Q

At What Point Is The Membrane at Resting Potential?

A

-70MV

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3
Q

What is Depolarisation?

A

When the inside of the axon is more positive and the outside is more negative

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4
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

Process of returning to the resting potential

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5
Q

What Happens During Depolarisation?

A
  • change in potential difference causes Na+ channels to open
  • Depolarisation increase and more Na+ channels are opened (positive feedback)
  • Higher concentration of Na+ outside
  • Potential difference reaches +40mv
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6
Q

What Happens During The Process of Repolarisation?

A
  • Na+ channels close and Na+ permeability returns to low level
  • K+ channels open due to depolarisation
  • K+ moves down electrochemical gradient and outside becomes more negative as more K+ leaves
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7
Q

What Happens During The Process of Restoring Resting Potential?

A
  • Membrane now highly permeable to K+ ions so more K+ leaves
  • Hyperpolarisation occurs as the potential difference is more negative than usual
  • Resting potential is restored by closing K+ channels
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8
Q

Why Is There A Potential Difference Across The Cell Surface Membrane?

A
  • Sodium/potassium pump pumps Na+ out and K+ in, changing voltage difference
  • Driven by energy from hydrolysis of ATP
  • K+ diffuses our which causes a potential difference to pull it back into cell
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9
Q

Why Does More K+ Diffuse Out Of The Cell Than Na+?

A

Because the Membrane is permeable to K+ but not really Na+

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10
Q

What Are The Two Forces That Move K+?

A
  • Concentration gradient creates by Na+ and K+ pump

- Electrical gradient causes by difference in charge from K+ diffusion

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11
Q

What Are the Two Divisions Of The Nervous System?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

What Is The Peripheral Nervous System Divided Into?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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13
Q

What Is The Autonomic NS Divided Into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

What Is The Autonomic NS?

A
  • Involuntary

- Stimulates smooth cardiac muscle/glands

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15
Q

What Is The Somatic NS?

A
  • Voluntary

- Stimulates skeletal muscles

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16
Q

What Is The Order Of Neurones That The Cell Body Evolves Into?

A

Motor, sensory, relay

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17
Q

What Is The Order Of A Reflex Arc?

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory, relay, motor, Response

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18
Q

What Does a Receptor Do?

A

Generate a nerve impulse

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19
Q

What Does A Sensory Neurone Do?

A

Pass nerve impulse to CNS down sensory pathway

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20
Q

What Does A Motor Neurone Do?

A

Carries impulse to effector

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21
Q

What Does A Relay Neurone Do?

A

Forms a synapse with the motor neurone and leaves down the spinal cord

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22
Q

What Are The Antagonistic Muscles In The Eye?

A

Radical and circular

23
Q

What Happens When The Pupil Is Constricted?

A

The radial muscles relax and the circular muscles contract

24
Q

What Happens When The Pupil Dilates?

A

Radical muscles contract and circular muscles relax

25
Q

What Are Photoreceptors?

A

Cause nerve impulse to pass along optic nerve in the eye to the CNS

26
Q

How Is Light Restricted When Entering The Eye?

A

Impulses are sent to circular muscles causing them to constrict the pupil

27
Q

What Occurs In Impulse Transport Across A Synapse?

A
  • Action potential depolarises membrane
  • Depolarisation causes calcium channels to open/release calcium
  • Calcium causes vesicles of neurotransmitter to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release it into synaptic cleft
  • Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on postsynaptic membrane and cation channels open/release sodium
  • Neurotransmitter releases and broken down/diffused
28
Q

What Does Depolarisation Of A Synapse Do?

A

Allows an impulse to travel along cells

29
Q

What Are The Two Types Of Summation?

A

Spatial and temporal

30
Q

What Is Spatial Summation?

A

Impulses from different synapses

31
Q

What Is Temporal Summation?

A

Several impulses from the same neurone

32
Q

What Are Properties Of Nervous Control?

A
  • Electrical
  • Fast acting
  • Short-term changes
  • Carried by neurones
  • Targets specific muscle/gland
33
Q

What Are Properties Of Hormonal Control?

A
  • Chemical
  • Slow acting
  • Long-term changes
  • Carried by blood
  • Widespread response (e.g growth)
34
Q

What Was Discovered About Auxin?

A

Causes plants to grow towards the light as it’s in the tip. Moves down the shaded side of the plant causing curve. Can diffuse through agar

35
Q

What Is The Frontal Lobe?

A

Responsible for decision making, planning, emotions etc.

36
Q

What Is The Temporal Lobe?

A

Responsible for audio

37
Q

What Is The Parietal Lobe?

A

Responsible for movement, sensation, calculation etc.

38
Q

What Is The Occipital Lobe?

A

Responsible for vision

39
Q

What Is The Thalamus?

A

Responsible for sensory information via white matter

40
Q

What Is The Hypothalamus?

A

Responsible for temperature regulation and secretion it hormones

41
Q

What Is The Hippocampus?

A

Responsible for long-term memory

42
Q

What Is The Basal Ganglia?

A

Initiated movement

43
Q

What Is A CT Scan?

A
  • Narrow x-rays pass through tissue to show structure of brain.
  • Detects disease
  • Small parr’s not seen due to low quality
44
Q

What Is A MRI Scan?

A
  • Magnetic field and radio waves cause nucleis to line up with magnetic field
  • Hydrogen line up due to high water content
  • Radio waves interfere and spin round hydrogen to original position and release energy to create image
  • Detects tumours due to 3D image
45
Q

What Is A FMRI Scan?

A
  • Strong magnets line up protons in blood
  • Magnets turned off and on to pull protons back and forth to create image
  • Oxygenated blood=active areas
  • Deoxygenated blood= inactive areas
  • Shows sequence of images
46
Q

What Is A PET Scan?

A
  • Radio tracers injected into blood
  • Gamma rays emitted when positron collides with electron
  • Picked up by detectors and increased blood flow shows more radio tracers
  • Series of colour images
  • Bright areas= more active
  • Diagnose cancer spread, Alzheimer’s etc.
47
Q

What Is Stereoscopic Vision?

A

Visual cortex compared vision from both eyes (close objects)

48
Q

How Can We Tell That Objects Are Far Away?

A

Visual cues and past experiences

49
Q

How Are Memories Stored?

A
  • Pattern of connections

- Strength of synapse

50
Q

How Do Snails Habituate?

A
  • Gill withdraws due to stimulation of siphon
  • Repeated stimulation stops gill withdrawing (habituation achieved)

During repeated stimulation, Ca channels release less Ca and neurotransmitter so no action potential

51
Q

What Is Utilitarianism?

A

Right thing maximises happiness or pleasure

52
Q

What Is The Human Genome Project?

A

Working out the order and location of bases that make up the human genome

53
Q

What Were The Outcomes Of The Human Genome Project?

A
  • Identified genes responsible for disease
  • Personalised medicine
  • Non-coding DNA can be important
  • SNPs > When a single nucleotide is different in a DNA sequence
  • Genetic variation makes drugs less effective
54
Q

What Are The Problems Of The Human Genome Project?

A
  • Tested positive for a gene can cause discrimination in insurance and employment even if you might not develop the condition
  • Expensive
  • Who should have this information?

Biology (8 decks)

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