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Biology > Topic 2 - Genes & Health > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Genes & Health Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is The Basic Structure of an Amino Acid?

A

H H O
\ | //
N - C - C
/ | \
H R OH

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2
Q

What Bond Joins Together Amino Acids?

A

Peptide bond

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3
Q

What Does a Chain of Amino Acids Form?

A

A polypeptide chain (protein)

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4
Q

In What Reaction Are Peptide Bonds Formed?

A

Condensation reaction

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5
Q

What Happens In The Primary Structure of a Protein?

A

Amino acids join together by peptide bonds, in a condensation reaction to form polypeptide chains

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6
Q

What Happens In The Secondary Structure of a Protein?

A

The amino acid chain folds into either an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet

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7
Q

What Bonds Form Between The Folds In The Secondary Structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Where Do The Hydrogen Bonds In The Secondary Structure Form?

A

Between the carboxyl and amine groups

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9
Q

What Happens In The Tertiary Structure of a Protein?

A

A 3D-shape is formed by chemical and hydrophobic interactions between the R groups. (Hydrophobic on the inside and hydrophilic on the outside to attract polar molecules).

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10
Q

When Does The Quaternary Structure Take Place?

A

When a protein has more than one polypeptide chain

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11
Q

What Is a Conjugated Protein?

A

A protein with another chemical group, associated with its polypeptide chains

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12
Q

What Is a Globular Protein?

A

A protein with polypeptide chains folded into a spherical shape

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13
Q

What Is a Fibrous Protein?

A

A protein that remains in long chains, connected with cross-links

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14
Q

What Are The Properties of Globular Proteins?

A
  • Soluble due to hydrophilic side chains
  • Important in metabolic reactions
  • (e.g. enzymes, antibodies, transport proteins)
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15
Q

What Are The Properties of Fibrous Proteins?

A
  • Insoluble
  • Cross-linked with extra polypeptide chains for strength
  • (e.g. keratin, collagen and bone)
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16
Q

What Is Phase 1 of Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription

17
Q

What Is Phase 2 of Protein Synthesis?

A

Translation

18
Q

What Are the Stages of Transcription?

A
  • RNA polymerase unzips the DNA
  • Template strand is transcribed into mRNA, containing the same base sequence
  • Phosphodiester bonds Form between the nucleotides
  • mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores and DNA zips back up
19
Q

What Is a DNA Coding Strand Also Known As?

A

Sense strand

20
Q

What Is the Template Strand Also Known As?

A

Anti-sense strand

21
Q

What Are the Stages Of Translation?

A
  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  • mRNA codons pair with specific anti-codon for a specific protein
  • Small ribosome sub-unit binds to mRNA’s start codon and then face tRNA binding site in large sub-unit
  • As each tRNA pairs up, an amino acid chain forms and the previous tRNA leaves
  • Continues until the stop codon
22
Q

What Is Diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration through a phospholipid bilayer

  • Passive (no energy needed)
  • Down a concentration gradient
  • Transports hydrophobic and small uncharged molecules
23
Q

What Is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Transport from high concentration to low concentration through channel or carrier proteins

  • Passive
  • Down a concentration gradient
  • Transports hydrophilic molecules/ions
24
Q

What Is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of free water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a phospholipid bilayer

  • Passive
25
Q

What Is Active Transport?

A

Transport from a low concentration to high concentration through carrier proteins that change shape

  • Requires energy from ATP
  • Against a concentration gradient
26
Q

What Is Exocytosis?

A

The bulk transport of substances out of a cell

  • Vesicles fuse with CSM to release contents
27
Q

What Is Endocytosis?

A

Bulk transport of substances into a cell

  • CSM creates vesicles to bring substances into the cell

Biology (8 decks)

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