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Biology > Topic 3 - Voice of the Genome > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Voice of the Genome Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Is Meiosis?

A

The cell division of gametes, producing genetic variety

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2
Q

How Many Chromosomes Does Each Gamete Contain?

A

23

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3
Q

What Are the Stages of Interphase?

A
  • Cell organelles are synthesised
  • DNA replication
  • Enough components to make 2 new cells
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4
Q

What Are the Stages of Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense into 2 chromatids, joined at the centromere
  • Spindle is formed
  • Centrioles act as poles either side of spindle
  • Spindle fibres form off poles
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
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5
Q

What Are the Stages of Metaphase?

A

Centromeres attach to spindle fibres at the ‘equator’

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6
Q

What Are the Stages of Anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres shorten and pull chromatids towards poles
  • Centromeres split
  • Spindle breaks down
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7
Q

What Are the Stages of Telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes unravel into 2 separate nuclei

- Nuclear envelope reforms

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8
Q

What Are the Stages of Cytoplasmic Division?

A

A ring of protein filaments attach to the inside of cell surface membrane and contract until 2 new cells form

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9
Q

How Is Genetic Variety Achieved In Meiosis?

A

Independent assortment and crossing over

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10
Q

What Is Independent Assortment?

A

1 chromosome from each pair ends up in each gamete and the daughter cells form random assortments

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11
Q

What Happens In Crossing Over?

A

Homogolous pairs join and exchange sections of DNA

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12
Q

What Is Chiasma?

A

The site of crossing over

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13
Q

What Is A Nucleolus?

A

Where ribosomes are made

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14
Q

What Is A Lysosome?

A

Sacs containing digestive enzymes to break down substances and destroy cells

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15
Q

What Is A Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Makes lipids and steroids (e.g. hormones)

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16
Q

What Is A Mitochondrion?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration

- Forms cristae (mitochondria inner-foldings)

17
Q

What Are Ribosomes?

A
  • Made up of RNA and protein

- Site of protein synthesis

18
Q

What Is The Golgi Apparatus?

A
  • Flattened sacs formed by the fusion of vesicles.

- Modifies and packages proteins

19
Q

What Is The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Membrane bound sacs connected

- Ribosomes on surface for proteins to be made and transported

20
Q

What Are Centrioles?

A

A ring of protein microtubules arranged in a helix to help form the spindle in meiosis

21
Q

What Is The Cell Surface Membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer that forms a partially permeable barrier

Biology (8 decks)

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