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Biology > Topic 5 - On the Wild Side > Flashcards

Topic 5 - On the Wild Side Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Light-Dependent Reaction?

A

Using light and hydrogen energy from photolysis to produce reduced NADP and ATP

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2
Q

What is a Light-Independent Reaction?

A

Uses reduced NADP and ATP to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates

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3
Q

What is Predation?

A

The relationship between organisms in which one benefits and feeds off of the other

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4
Q

What is a Population?

A

A group of organisms living in the same area belonging to the same species with the ability to interbreed

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5
Q

What is a Community?

A

A group of organisms living in the same area, all belonging to different species

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6
Q

What are the Different Abiotic Factors?

A
  • Solar Energy Input
  • Climate
  • Topography
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7
Q

How is Solar Energy Input Effected?

A
  • Latitude
  • Season
  • Cloud Cover

(Viral for photosynthesis and acts as an environmental cue for reproduction)

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8
Q

What is Topography?

A

The slope of land and it’s drainage

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9
Q

What is an Edaphic Factor?

A

Factors associated with soil pH and the mineral concentration

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10
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

A relationship between species where both partners benefit.

E.g humans and digestive bacteria

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11
Q

What is a Density Dependent Biotic Factor?

A

Where the effects depend on the population density. (E.g the larger the population density, the greater the competition between species)

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12
Q

What is an Anthropogenic Factor?

A

Abiotic or biotic factors that occur because of human activity

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13
Q

What is Primary Succession?

A

When new habitats form where there has never before been a community

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14
Q

What is Secondary Succession?

A

When habitats form where an existing community has been cleared

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15
Q

What are Pioneer Species?

A

The first species to colonise the forming habitat. They can usually cope with extreme conditions (e.g lack of soil or water)

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16
Q

What is a Climax Community?

A

Usually dominated by trees, this is a stable community that is achieved in succession and is usually unchanged

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17
Q

What is Deflected Succession?

A

A form of succession that remains stable because of human activity

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18
Q

What is Primary Productivity?

A

The rate in which energy is transferred into organic molecules in an ecosystem

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19
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

Also known as a producer, these are organisms that make their own organic compounds

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20
Q

What is a Chemosynthetic Autotroph?

A

Organisms that make organic molecules from chemical reactions instead of light

21
Q

What is Photolysis?

A

The splitting of water, using light energy

22
Q

How is Hydrogen Stored in Carbohydrates?

A

Hydrogen and CO2 react and the CO2 is reduced to form glucose

23
Q

Why is Photosynthesis Important?

A
  • Animals can’t make all organic molecules so are dependent on the plants
  • Oxygen is released so that organisms can anaerobically respire
24
Q

What is the Thylakoid Membrane?

A
  • System of flattened sacs

- Proteins and electron carriers are stored here

25
Q

What is a Thylakoid Space?

A
  • The fluid within the thylakoid membrane

- Contains enzymes for photolysis

26
Q

What is the Stroma?

A
  • Fluid surrounding thylakoid membranes

- Contains all enzymes for light-dependent reactions

27
Q

What is a Starch Grain?

A

Stores photosynthesis products

28
Q

What is a Granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids

29
Q

What is the Inner Membrane of a Chlorophyll Molecule?

A

Contains transporter molecules which regulate passage of substances

30
Q

Explain the Process of the Light-Dependent Reaction?

A
  • Light energy raises 2 electrons in each chlorophyll
  • Electrons become ‘excited’
  • Electrons travel through electron carriers in electron transport chain
  • PSII electrons pass through oxidation/reduction reactions and lose energy as they do so
  • Lost energy used to make ATP
  • Lost electrons are replaced
  • Photolysis occurs to create O2, H and electrons
31
Q

What is the Name of the Process That Makes ATP in Photosynthesis?

A

Photophosphorylation

32
Q

What is the Structure of ATP Made Up Of?

A
  • Adenine (organic base)
  • Ribose (sugar)
  • 3 phosphate groups
33
Q

What Happens When the 3rd Phosphate Group in ATP is Removed?

A

It becomes hydrated and bonds with surrounding water molecules

34
Q

How is ATP Produced?

A

From ADP and an inorganic phosphate

35
Q

Where does the Light-Independent Reaction Occur?

A

Stroma in the chloroplast

36
Q

Where Does the Light-Dependent Reaction Occur?

A

Thylakoid Membrane in the Chloroplast

37
Q

Explain the Process of the Light-Independent Reaction?

A
  • CO2 combines with 5C compound (RuBP)
  • This is catalysed by RuBISCO
  • 6C compound breaks down into X2 3C compound (GP)
  • 3C compound is reduced, forming sugar phosphate (GALP)
  • (For reduction, H from LD reaction used and ATP provides energy)
  • GALP forms 6C sugar (hexose) or recreates RuBP for repeat of cycle
  • Hexose can convert into amino acids/lipids
38
Q

What is Carbon Fixation?

A

When inorganic carbon in CO2is converted to organic molecules

39
Q

What is a Trophic Level?

A

The position of a species in the food chain

40
Q

What is a Primary Consumer?

A

A herbivore

41
Q

What is a Secondary Consumer?

A

Carnivores (feed on Primary consumers)

42
Q

What is a Tertiary Consumer?

A

Carnivores at the top of the food chain (also known as top carnivores)

43
Q

What is a Food Web?

A

A system of interlocking food chains in an ecosystem

44
Q

What is a Detritivore?

A

Primary consumers that feed in dead organic material (e.g woodlice and earthworms)

45
Q

What are Decomposers?

A

Bacteria and fungi species that feed on remains of dead organisms

46
Q

Why is Only a Small Amount if Light Absorbed in Photosynthesis?

A

Because chlorophyll can only absorb certain wavelengths

47
Q

What are the Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis?

A
  • Light Intensity
  • Temperature
  • CO2 concentration
48
Q

What is Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)?

A

The rate that energy is incorporated into organic molecules by an ecosystem

49
Q

How is the Percentage Efficiency of Photosynthesis Calculated?

A

GPP divided by light energy arriving at plant X 100

Biology (8 decks)

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