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Biology > Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health & Risk > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Lifestyle, Health & Risk Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the Heart and Circulations Job in the Body?

A

To transport substances around the body

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2
Q

How are Substances Transported Through the Body in Small Organisms?

A

Diffusion

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3
Q

How are Substances Transported Through the Body in Larger Organisms?

A

Mass transport system

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4
Q

What is an Open Circulatory System?

A
  • Blood circulates in open spaces
  • Heart pumps blood into cavities surrounding organs
  • When the heart relaxes blood is drawn back to heart through valves
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5
Q

What is a Closed Circulatory System?

A
  • Blood is enclosed in blood vessels
  • Blood travels faster and at high pressure
  • Blood flows through arterioles to capillaries
  • Blood returns to heart via the veins
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6
Q

What Animals Have a Single or Double Circulatory System?

A

Those with a closed circulatory system

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7
Q

How are Substances Transported in a Single Circulatory System?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood pumped to gills
  • Gaseous exchange happens in gills (CO2 in Blood diffuses to water and oxygen from water diffuses into gills)
  • Blood flows round whole body before retiring to the heart
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8
Q

Give an Example of an Organism with a Single Circulatory System?

A

Fish

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9
Q

How are Substances Transported Through a Double Circulatory System?

A
  • Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Oxygenated blood returns to heart by left ventricle and is pumped round the body
  • The blood is given a boost to flow quickly
  • High metabolic rate as Substances delivered quicker
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10
Q

Give an Example of an Organism with a Double Circulatory System?

A

Birds or mammals

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11
Q

Why is it Called a Double Circulatory System?

A

Because blood flows through the body twice for every complete circuit

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12
Q

Give Examples of Water Properties.

A
  • Polar molecule
  • Hydrogen end=positive
  • Oxygen end=negative
  • Dipole molecule
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13
Q

What is a Polar Molecule?

A

A molecule with an unevenly distributed charge (also known as a dipole molecule)

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14
Q

Why Do Chemicals Disolve Easily in Water?

A
  • Because it’s dipole nature allows reactions to occur in cells
  • Ionic compounds mean that positive part is attracted to negative end of water etc.
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15
Q

How Are Hydrophobic Substances Transported?

A

They bind with proteins (e.g lipids bind with proteins to become lipoproteins)

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16
Q

What are the Thermal Properties of Water?

A
  • Requires large amount of energy to raise temperature by a small amount
  • Large amount of energy needed to break hydrogen bonds
  • Warms/cools slowly
  • Useful for organisms as it is easier to maintain body temperature
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17
Q

Describe the Structure of an Artery.

A
  • Narrow lumen
  • Thick layer of muscle/elastic tissue
  • More collagen
  • No valves
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18
Q

Describe the Structure of a Vein.

A
  • Wide lumen
  • Less muscle/elastic tissue
  • Less collagen
  • Valves ensure blood flows one way
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19
Q

Describe the Structure of a Capillary?

A
  • One cell thick

- Thin walls for quick diffusion

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20
Q

What are Coronary Arteries?

A

Arteries that supply blood to the heart

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21
Q

What Does the Right Atrium Do?

A

Draws in deoxygenated blood from vena cava and into the lungs

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22
Q

What Does The Left Atrium Do?

A

Draws in oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins and pumps around the body

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23
Q

Why Are The Walls of the Left Atrium More Muscular Than The Right Atrium?

A

Because it needs to pump blood around the whole body

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24
Q

What Do Ventricles Do?

A

Push blood out of the heart

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25
Q

Why Are Ventricle Walls More Muscular Than The Atria?

A

Because they need to pump blood out of the heart

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26
Q

What Are Atrioventricular Valves?

A

Valves in between the atria and ventricles to stop blood flowing back into the atria when the heart contracts

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27
Q

What Are Semi-Lunar Valves?

A

Valves in between the ventricles and the pulmonary arteries/aorta to stop blood flowing back when the heart contracts

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28
Q

What Is Diastole?

A
  • Relaxation of the heart
  • Low blood pressure
  • Blood at higher pressures is drawn back to ventricles
  • This closes the SL valve
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29
Q

What is Atriole Systole?

A
  • Atria contract
  • Blood flows in from the vena cava and pulmonary veins
  • Increased pressure forces open atrioventricular valves
  • Blood enters ventricles
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30
Q

What Is Ventricular Systole?

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • Continuation of high blood pressure
  • Forces open SL valve and blood flows up pulmonary arteries and aorta
31
Q

What Is a Monosaccharide?

A

A single sugar unit that makes up a carbohydrate

32
Q

What Is a Disaccharide?

A

A double sugar unit, combined in a condensation reaction by a glycosidic bond

33
Q

What Is a Polysaccharide?

A

A chain of sub-units or monomers, connected by glycosidic bonds to form a carbohydrate

34
Q

What Is a Condensation Reaction?

A

Occurs in the linkage of two molecules, releasing H2O

35
Q

What Is Hydrolysis?

A

The separation of molecules by adding water

36
Q

What Is the General Formula For a Monosaccharide?

A

CH2On (n being the number of carbons)

37
Q

What Are the Properties of a Monosaccharide?

A
  • 3-7 Carbon backbone

- Each Carbon is attached to 1 Hydrogen and 1 OH (apart from 1 which is double bonded to Oxygen)

38
Q

How Is a Glycosidic Bond Formed?

A

In a condensation reaction, between 2 carbons (e.g. 1, 4 glycosidic bond)

39
Q

What Are the Properties of a Polysaccharide?

A
  • Must be digested into a Monosaccharide before being absorbed
  • There are 3 main types: starch, cellulose and glycogen
40
Q

What Are the Roles of Starch and Glycogen?

A

Energy storage (their insolubility doesn’t affect the water concentration or movement in the cytoplasm)

41
Q

What Is Starch Made Up Of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

42
Q

Where Is Glycogen Found In Humans?

A

In the liver and muscles

43
Q

What Is Cellulose?

A

A dietary fibre and non-Stacy polysaccharide

44
Q

What Is Cellulose Thought To Prevent?

A

Coronary heart disease and diabetes

45
Q

What Happens In Atherosclorosis?

A
  • Endothelium damaged by high pressure
  • Inflammatory response (white blood cells accumulate chemicals to form an atheroma)
  • Calcium salts/fibrous tissue build up a plaque on the artery wall (loses elasticity)
  • Lumen shrinks and positive feedback occurs
46
Q

What Happens In The Clotting Cascade?

A
  • Platelets stick to damaged area and release thromboplastin
  • Thromboplastin catalyses prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin catalyses fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Fibrin mesh traps platelets and blood cells to form a clot
47
Q

What Is Oedema?

A

The build up of fluid in the tissues surrounding the capillaries

48
Q

What Are The Contributing Factors Of Oedema?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Liver disease
  • Kidney disease
49
Q

Where and Why Does The Tissue Fluid Form?

A

At the arteriole end due to high pressure and forcing out plasma (with nutrients and oxygen)

50
Q

What Causes The Swelling?

A

The tissue cells surrounding the capillary absorb the nutrients and oxygen from the tissue fluid and then transfer it back to the capillary through osmosis

51
Q

Where Does The Remaining Tissue Fluid Go?

A

20% is drained into lymph capillaries and lymph vessels returns lymph fluid to blood and into the vena cava

52
Q

What Is LDL?

A
  • Low-density lipoprotein

- Formed by triglycerides bonding with cholesterol and protein

53
Q

What Are Some Of The Properties Of LDLs?

A
  • Circulate in blood stream
  • Excess LDLs increase blood pressure (atheromas form)
  • It’s cholesterol is involved in cell membrane synthesis
54
Q

What Is HDL?

A
  • High density lipoprotein

- Transports cholesterol from tissue to liver to be broken down

55
Q

What Are The Properties Of Saturated Fats?

A
  • Increase LDL and HDL (LDL increase is greater)
  • Maximum no. of hydrogens
  • Strong intermolecular forces so solid at room temperature
56
Q

What Are The Properties Of Unsaturated Fats?

A
  • Decreases LDL and HDL
  • X1 double bond between carbons
  • Double bond causes a kink to prevent them closely packing together
  • Weak intermolecular forces so oily at room temperature
57
Q

How Can An Unsaturated Fat Be Solidified at Room Temperature?

A

By adding hydrogen

58
Q

What Are Free Radicals?

A

Molecules with an unpaired electron that result in bodily reactions

59
Q

Why Are Free Radicals Harmful?

A

They are highly reactive and damage cell components, resulting in cancer, heart disease and premature ageing

60
Q

Why Are Free Radicals a Repetitive Process?

A

They look for other electrons to steal, resulting in positive feedback

61
Q

What Are Anti-Oxidants?

A

They prevent free radical behaviour by providing hydrogen to pair with its unpaired electron

62
Q

What Is an Apolipoprotein?

A
  • The protein component of lipoproteins

- Formed in the liver and intestines

63
Q

What Is The Apolipoprotein Gene Cluster Associated With The Cause Of?

A

Coronary heart disease and Alzheimers

some of its alleles reduce risk and others increase it

64
Q

What Is Apolipoprotein A?

A
  • Major HDL protein

- Mutations cause reduced HDL

65
Q

What Is Apolipoprotein B?

A
  • Major LDL protein

- Mutations increase LDL

66
Q

What Is Apolipoporotein E?

A
  • Major component of HDLs and VLDLs (involved in cholesterol removal)
  • 3 common alleles: E2, E3 and E4
  • E4 slows cholesterol removal
67
Q

What Are ACE Inhibiting Drugs?

A
  • Antihypertensive drugs that reduce angiotensin II

- Causes vasoconstriction of vessels to control blood pressure

68
Q

What Are The Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors?

A

Dry cough, dizziness and reduced kidney function

69
Q

What Are Calcium Channel Blockers?

A
  • Antihypertensive drugs that block calcium channels Ain muscle cells, lining arteries
  • Failure of calcium entering stops muscle contraction and vessel constricting, lowering blood pressure
70
Q

What Are The Side Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?

A

Headaches, nausea and swollen ankles

71
Q

What Are Diuretics?

A
  • Increase urine volume to rid the body of excess fluids and salts
  • Decreases blood plasma and blood pressure
72
Q

What Are The Side Effects of Diuretics?

A

Dizziness, nausea and muscle cramps

73
Q

What Are Non-Medical Methods of Reducing the Risk of CVD?

A
  • More polyunsaturated fat
  • Less saturated fat
  • No smoking
  • Exercise
  • Low alcohol intake

Biology (8 decks)

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