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SK299 > Topic 7 The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 7 The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

How many breaths does the average person take when at rest?

A

12-18 per minute

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2
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system?

A
  • The airway
  • The lungs
  • The muscles of respiration
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia in the nasal cavities?

A

To warm the air and trap any potentially harmful particles

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4
Q

What are ‘cardiac impressions’?

A

The special grooves on each lung in which the heart sits

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5
Q

What do terminal bronchioles further divide into?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
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6
Q

What shape is the base of each lung?

A

Concave

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7
Q

What is the term for the exchange between the body and the environment of CO2 and O2?

A

External respiration

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8
Q

What is the conduction zone?

A

The name given to the collective of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, bronchi and bronchioles

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9
Q

What are the components of the conduction zone?

A
  • Nasal passages
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
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10
Q

Roughly how big, in an adult human, is the respiratory surface?

A

About 140m squared

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11
Q

What are the components of the respiratory zone?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli
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12
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Where gas exchange occurs during respiration

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13
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein

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14
Q

How does haeomoglobin function?

A

It binds with oxygen in the lungs in order to transport it to tissues

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15
Q

What is ‘partial pressure’?

A

The amount of each individual gas in the atmosphere

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16
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-containing protein present in red blood cells

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17
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

Binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues

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18
Q

What is haemoglobin formed of?

A

Four polypeptide chains; two alpha & two beta chains

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19
Q

What is a haem group?

A

What gives haemoglobin its ability to bind to oxygen

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20
Q

What are haem groups comprised of?

A

An iron atom which is able to bind with an oxygen molecule

21
Q

What is the force which governs binding of O2 to Hb?

A

Positive cooperativity

22
Q

What is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Hb which does not have O2 bound to it

23
Q

What biological factors affect Hb binding?

A
  • CO2
  • Acidity
  • 2,3-DPG (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid)
  • Exercise
  • Temperature
24
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The name for the influence which CO2 and acidity have on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

25
Q

A reaction between which molecules generates bicarbonate?

A

Water and carbon dioxide

26
Q

What is the formula of bicarbonate?

A

HCO3

27
Q

What is the equation for the reaction which produces bicarbonate?

A

H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

28
Q

What does carbon dioxide combine with water to form?

A

Carbonic acid

29
Q

Which enzyme is facilitates and speeds up the reaction that produces carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

30
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A

A nucleotide substitution (a glutamic acid codon is converted to a valine codon)

31
Q

What is the cause of the cell distortion in HbS (sickle cell disease)?

A

Valine amino acids binding to each other when the HbS becomes deoxygenated

32
Q

Is sickle cell a recessive or dominant condition?

A

Recessive; two mutated alleles are required for the condition to develop

33
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

The rupture and destruction of erythrocytes

34
Q

What are thalassaemias?

A

A group of inherited autosomal recessive disorders

35
Q

What do thalassaemias cause?

A

Anaemia

36
Q

Alterations in what? is the principle driver of respiration in humans?

A

PCO2

37
Q

Neurons from which regions of the brain synapse on to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to regulate breathing rate?

A

Pontine and medullary

38
Q

What are neuromuscular junctions?

A

They synapse chemical junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre

39
Q

What are type 1 glomus cells?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors which sense and respond to the oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood

40
Q

What chemical do glomus cells release across the neuromuscular junction?

A

Dopamine

41
Q

What is the effect of the dopamine that glomus cells release on nerves?

A

It causes afferent signals to be sent to the medullary respiratory centres, which in turn send action potentials to the phrenic and intercostal nerves

42
Q

What is the overall effect or purpose of the dopamine released by glomus cells?

A

To increase the respiration rate

43
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved with the control of breathing during speech and behavioural tasks which modify breathing?

A
  • Motor cortex
  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum
44
Q

What is hypopnoea?

A

Reduction in airflow

45
Q

In respiration, where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the respiration zone - the bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

46
Q

How is most of the CO2 carried in the blood?

A

As bicarbonate

47
Q

How is O2 carried in the blood?

A

Bound to haemoglobin which is present in erythrocytes

48
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The influence of CO2 and acidity on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

49
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

The influence of oxygen on haemoglobin transport of carbon dioxide

SK299 (15 decks)

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