Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SK299 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are myocytes?

A

Individual cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the contractile proteins?

A
  • Actin

* Myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two things are cells deprived of during cardiac arrest?

A
  • Oxygen

* Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organs are the key components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Lungs
  • Heart
  • Liver
  • Gut
  • Kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The fluid-filled sac around the heart that separates it from surrounding structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which circuit does the blood that enters the right side of the heart come from?

A

The systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which circuit does the blood that enters the left side of the heart come from?

A

The pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the structures in each of the pumps in the heart?

A

Two chambers - an upper atrium and a lower ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do papillary muscles do?

A

They prevent inward movement of the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which valve prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle?

A

The pulmonary semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What attaches papillary muscles to both tricuspid and bicuspid valves?

A

Chordate tendinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which valve prevents back flow of blood into the aorta?

A

The aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The muscular tissue of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diastole?

A

The period between two contractions of the heart, when the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

The period when the atria are contracted, forcing blood into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

The period when the ventricles are contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long is an average cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many times a minute does the average heart beat?

A

75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The maximum pressure in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The lowest pressure in the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction?

A

The period during ventricular systole when both the atrioventricular valve and the semilunar valve are both closed and blood is trapped in the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During the peak period of isometric contraction, what is the pressure in the left ventricle?

A

Approximately 125 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During the peak period of isometric contraction, what is the pressure in the right ventricle?

A

25 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of both ventricles per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

On average, what is the cardiac output when a person is at rest?

A

5 litres min^-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the highest that cardiac output can be?

A

About 25 litres min^-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is diastole?

A

Ventricular relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is systole?

A

Ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a distinctive characteristic of myocytes?

A

They can contract and relax independently of being within the heart itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

The ability of the heart muscle to contract without input from a nerve stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

The group of cells in the wall of the right atrium which initiate the action potential responsible for the heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

A group of specialised heart muscle fibres at the junction between the atria and ventricles which control contraction of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Purkinje fibres?

A

Modified cardiac muscle fibres which are part of the atrioventricular bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

Resting heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which area of the brain regulates heart function?

A

The medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do the sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart originate and how do they reach the heart?

A
  • In the cardioacceleratory centre of the brain

* Via the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for excitation of the heart?

A

Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where do the parasympathetic nerves which innervate the heart originate and how do they travel to the heart?

A
  • In the cardioinhibitory centre

* Via the vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Which neurotransmitter do the parasympathetic fibres of the heart use?

A

Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Name some of the hormones which can increase heart rate?

A
  • Noradrenalin
  • Thyroxin
  • Glucagon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 components of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the haematocrit?

A

The ratio of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is serum?

A

The the remaining fluid in a blood sample after a clot has formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is serum comprised of?

A
  • Plasma

* Clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the precursor cells to leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets?

A

Haematopoetic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

The production of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the production of platelets and where is that hormone produced?

A
  • Thrombopoeitin

* The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the production of erythrocytes and where is that hormone produced?

A
  • Erythropoietin

* Kidneys and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the 4 blood groups?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are agglutinogens?

A

The antigens expressed by erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Are most people Rh-positive or Rh-negative?

A

Rh-positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Is the production of antibodies to the Rh antigen an example of adaptive or innate immune system?

A

Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The cascade of biomechanical reactions that lead to the cessation of bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the three stages of haemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Blood clotting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

Constriction of blood vessels at a wound site to slow bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How is a platelet plug formed?

A

When platelets stick to the exposed collagen of a damaged blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is thromboxane A2?

A

The hormone released by clumping platelets to further increase vasoconstriction

60
Q

What is produced as a result of the blood clotting step of wound healing?

A

An insoluble fibrin mesh

61
Q

Define the term haemorrhage

A

To lose a large amount of blood

62
Q

What is elastic recoil?

A

The return (recoil) of the arterial wall during diastole

63
Q

What is the formula for calculating resistance to blood flow?

A

Resistance = pressure gradient/blood flow

64
Q

What is the thoroughfare channel?

A

A direct channel through a capillary bed

65
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma proteins
  • Nutrients
  • Hormones
  • Waste products
  • Gases
66
Q

What are the gases found in plasma?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Carbon dioxide
67
Q

What nutrients are found in plasma?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids
68
Q

What proteins are found in plasma?

A
  • Albumin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Globulins
69
Q

What waste products are found in plasma?

A
  • Lactic acid

* Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism (urea) and nucleus acids (uric acid)

70
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

71
Q

What are also known as capacitance vessels?

A

Veins

72
Q

What is the purpose of veins being in skeletal muscles?

A

The contraction of the muscle compresses the veins which forces blood along them

73
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Resistance of the systemic circulation to blood flow

74
Q

If the diameter of the blood vessel is reduced, will the flow rate be reduced?

A

Yes

75
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Sympathetic

76
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for the relaxation of smooth muscle?

A

Parasympathetic

77
Q

What is auto regulation?

A

The local control of blood flow

78
Q

What problems can occur when blood pressure is too high?

A

Vessels can be damaged and fluid can leak from capillaries

79
Q

What can happen if blood pressure is too low?

A

Tissues and organs will be insufficiently per fused and there may be damage or organ failure

80
Q

When does the highest value of blood pressure occur?

A

During systole (ventricular contraction)

81
Q

When does the lowest value of blood pressure occur?

A

During diastole (ventricular relaxation)

82
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A

Diastolic pressure + (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure) / 3

83
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

Cardiac output x peripheral resistance

84
Q

What are the two factors which determine cardiac output?

A
  • Stroke volume

* Heart rate

85
Q

Increasing cardiac output has what outcome?

A

Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are raised

86
Q

Increasing stroke volume has what effect?

A

Systolic blood pressure is increased, rather than diastolic pressure

87
Q

Peripheral resistance is largely determined by what?

A

The diameter of arterioles

88
Q

What is the outcome of vasoconstriction?

A

Peripheral resistance increases, which causes an increase in blood pressure

89
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Nerve endings which sense arterial blood pressure

90
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In the aortic arch and the walls of the carotid arteries of the neck

91
Q

How are baroreceptors activated?

A

When the arterial walls are stretched

92
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

Detect changes in blood pressure, which is relayed to the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centres of the brain in order to influence the ANS

93
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Nerve endings which are sensitive to chemicals

94
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Monitor levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and are sensitive to acidity

95
Q

What is the primary function of chemoreceptors? What else do they do?

A
  • To regulate breathing

* During periods of severe cardiovascular disturbance they can influence cardiac output of the cardiovascular centres

96
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Elevated levels of blood pressure

97
Q

In 2015, how many deaths, globally, were due to high blood pressure?

A

10.4 million

98
Q

What are the risk factors for high blood pressure?

A
  • Alcohol intake
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Family history
  • African/Caribbean
  • Smoking
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • High salt intake
  • Increasing age
99
Q

What are the complications of high blood pressure?

A
  • Blindness
  • Stroke
  • Heart attack/failure
  • Atherosclerosis (blood vessel damage)
  • Kidney failure
100
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Deposits of lipids, cellular debris and calcium salts on the inside of artery walls

101
Q

What are the two main possible complications due to atherosclerosis?

A
  • Infarcation

* Ischaemia

102
Q

What is infarction?

A

Death of tissue as a result of lack of blood supply

103
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Tissue damage as a result of lack of blood supply

104
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The degeneration of arteries through the gradual restriction of blood flow, caused by build-up of fatty material and plaque on arterial walls

105
Q

What major blood vessels does atherosclerosis affect?

A

Coronary, cerebral and peripheral arteries

106
Q

What are the types of material which atherosclerosis deposits on arterial walls?

A
  • Lipids
  • Cellular debris
  • Calcium salts
107
Q

What is the purpose of high-density lipoprotein?

A

To transport cholesterol from tissues to the liver

108
Q

What is the purpose of low-density lipoprotein?

A

To transport cholesterol to the tissues

109
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

Droplets of fat present in blood or lymph which transport cholesterol and lipids from the lumen of the gut to the liver

110
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs to help lower cholesterol

111
Q

How do statins work?

A

They inhibit production of cholesterol in the liver. This produces a gradient for low density lipoproteins to the liver, which removes their concentration in the blood

112
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Pain caused by ischaemia in the heart muscle

113
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

A disease state when blood flow to part of the heart is cut off. It is the main cause of heart failure

114
Q

How do nitrovasodilators work?

A
  • They produce nitric oxide, which is a vasodilator.

* They reduce venous return, which reduces ventricular end-diastolic volume and active distension of the heart wall

115
Q

How do beta blockers work?

A

They reduce blood pressure and peripheral resistance by blocking effects of the sympathetic nervous system

116
Q

How do calcium antagonists work?

A

They reduce blood pressure and peripheral resistance by relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels

117
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

The widening of narrowed coronary arteries by using a balloon

118
Q

What is a stent?

A

A metal tube used to widen a narrowed coronary artery

119
Q

What is one of the hormones released into the blood by necrotic tissue after a myocardial infarction?

A

Troponin

120
Q

Which has more significant consequences for heart function, ventricular or atrial fibrillation?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

121
Q

Define fibrillation.

A

It is when the heart beats in a spontaneously chaotic manner

122
Q

Via what does blood return from the systemic circuit to the heart?

A

The superior and inferior vena cava

123
Q

Via what does blood return to the heart from the systemic circuit?

A

The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

124
Q

Where does the blood pass to after the right ventricle contracts?

A

The pulmonary artery

125
Q

What is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

The valve which closes when the right ventricle relaxes, preventing blood flowing back into the right ventricle

126
Q

Via the pulmonary vein, where does blood return to?

A

The left atrium

127
Q

What separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

The intraventricular septum

128
Q

What are the steps in the cardiac circuit?

A

Heart > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > Heart

129
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Diastole
  • Arterial Systole
  • Ventricular Systole
130
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls the heart and blood vessels?

A

The ANS

131
Q

Which circuit does the blood which is ejected from the left ventricle supply?

A

The systemic circuit

132
Q

Which circuit does the blood which is ejected from the right ventricle supply?

A

The pulmonary circuit

133
Q

What processes happen as a result of blood flow through the pulmonary circuit?

A

Blood taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide

134
Q

What processes happen as a result of blood flow through the systemic circuit?

A

Oxygen is delivered to cells and carbon dioxide is taken up

135
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the P waves?

A

Atrial depolarisation

136
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the PR interval?

A

The time taken for electrical activity to move between atria and ventricles

137
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the QRS complex?

A

The depolarisation of the ventricles

138
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the ST segment?

A

Ventricular contraction

139
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the QT interval?

A

The time taken for the ventricles to depolarise, then repolarise

140
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the R wave?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

141
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the T wave?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

142
Q

In an ECG, what is represented by the ST segment?

A

If it is not a flat line, any myocardial infarction

143
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

A group of cells embedded in the wall of the right atrium which initiate the wave of depolarisation that causes the heart to contract

144
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

A group of specialised heart muscle fibres which control the contraction of the ventricles

145
Q

Which areas of the heart are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes

SK299 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions