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SK299 > Topic 5 - Sleep > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Which three hormones follow a diurnal cycle?

A
  • Melatonin
  • Cortisol
  • Growth hormone
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2
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

The body’s circadian rhythms

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3
Q

Why do we need to sleep?

A

So that waste products can be removed from the brain

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4
Q

What is the glymphatic system?

A

The system which is responsible for cleaning up the brain

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5
Q

How does the glymphatic system work?

A

It uses CSF to flush away waste

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6
Q

How much of our lives do we spend sleeping?

A

About a third

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7
Q

What chemicals help to induce sleep?

A
  • Melatonin

* Adenosine

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8
Q

During which phase of sleep does DNA repair itself?

A

Deep sleep

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9
Q

Fewer than how many hours of sleep a night is associated with a 4.5x increased risk of strokes?

A

Less than 6hrs

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10
Q

What conditions can be linked to a chronic lack of sleep?

A
  • Obesity

* Diabetes

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11
Q

What is one of the byproducts of energy sources being used in the brain?

A

Adenosine

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12
Q

What happens as adenosine levels increase?

A

It creates sleep pressure - increases the urge to sleep

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13
Q

How does caffeine stop us from feeling sleepy?

A

It blocks adenosine’s receptor pathways

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14
Q

Name some of the negative effects of sleep deprivation.

A
  • Sensory/vision disruption
  • Inflammation
  • High blood pressure
  • Lack of coordination/poor reaction times
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Concentration/memory issues
  • Hallucinations
  • Paranoia
  • Death
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15
Q

How much of their time do infants spend in REM sleep?

A

About 100%

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16
Q

What are the two main phases of sleep?

A
  • REM - rapid eye movement

* NREM - non-rapid eye movement

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17
Q

How many stages of NREM sleep are there?

A

4

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18
Q

What are some of the other names for NREM sleep?

A
  • Quiet
  • Deep
  • Slow-wave
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19
Q

What happens if you wake someone from NREM sleep?

A

They will be very confused and have poor physical coordination

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20
Q

What are the other names for REM sleep?

A
  • Active

* Paradoxical

21
Q

Why is REM sleep also known as paradoxical sleep?

A

Because the brain wave pattern during REM sleep is similar to that during wakefulness

22
Q

If we were to sleep-walk, which phase of sleep would this occur during?

A

NREM

23
Q

What are some of the purposes of sleep?

A
  • Maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium
  • Conservation of energy
  • Tissue repair
  • Memory consolidation
  • Fighting infection
24
Q

Which hormone can the sleep cycle affect the secretion of?

What does that hormone do?

A
  • Leptin

* Influences body weight and appetite

25
Q

How is energy conserved by sleeping?

A

Consumption of ATP falls, which reduces the body temperature

26
Q

Production of what in the brain increases at night?

A

Proteins

27
Q

How can the immune system affect sleep?

A

It produces cytokines, which have sleep-inducing properties

28
Q

What are the two major external stimuli which affect sleep in humans?

A
  • Light(/darkness)

* The alarm clock

29
Q

How many clock genes do humans have?

A

At least eight

30
Q

How many of the clock genes which humans have are implicated in sleep disorders?

A

Two

31
Q

Which type of hormone is melatonin?

A

A peptide hormone

32
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A short chain of amino acids which are connected to each other in a sequence by bonds called peptide bonds

33
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A covalent bond formed between two amino acids

34
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

The gland deep in the brain, behind the pituitary gland, which is has cells that secrete melatonin

35
Q

What are melanopsin cells?

A

Specialised cells in the retina of the eye which detect light

36
Q

When light levels fall, where in the brain are signals sent to via the optic nerve?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

37
Q

What is the venterolateral preoptic nucleus involved in?

A

The initiation of sleep, together with melatonin

38
Q

What is the reticular formation?

What does it do?

A
  • A set of interconnected nuclei which span the brain stem and neurons in the brain
  • It stimulates the thalamus during wakefulness. Its decreased activity levels cause a decrease in the level of consciousness
39
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone (GH)?

A

A water-soluble peptide

40
Q

When during sleep is the most growth hormone (GH) released?

A

During the first hours of sleep

41
Q

How does growth hormone (GH) stimulate bone growth?

A

It increases calcium retention and mineralisation of bone, and increases muscle mass by stimulating protein synthesis. It also promotes increased rates of cell division

42
Q

Why does growth hormone stimulate the breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes and the breakdown of glycogen in the liver?

A

These fuel molecules are required as a source of energy for the formation of new bone and muscle mass

43
Q

Why mght bodybuilders think they need a diet high in protein?

A

In order to have enough dietary amino acids to build new muscle and bone (though their standard diet is likely already sufficient enough!)

44
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Proteins which act as signalling molecules to help regulate growth, normally in a cell-type or tissue-specific manner

45
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signalling molecules which are used by the immune system

46
Q

In the circadian cycle, when does the secretion of cortisol peak?

A

Just before waking, and then declines throughout the day

47
Q

Which region of the brain controls the release of cortisol?

A

The hypothalamus

48
Q

What are the essential metabolic processes which are facilitated by cortisol?

A
  • Breakdown of proteins
  • Glucose synthesis from proteins
  • Breakdown of lipids
  • Resorption of calcium from bone

SK299 (15 decks)

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