General Revision Flashcards
Explain the properties of hydrogen bonds
Individual bonds are weak but when there are many they form key connections within the human body such as proteins
What is the terms for the type of stable bond formed when two atoms share electrons?
Covalent bond
Which of the following types of bonds does not involve sharing or transferring electrons?
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds
How are ions formed?
By the loss or gain of one or more electrons in order to complete their outer valence shells
How are ionic bonds formed?
When ions of opposite charges are attracted to each other
What is a covalent bond?
A bond where electrons in the outer valence (shell) are shared between two atoms
Are covalent bonds strong or weak?
Strong
What is affinity (in regards to molecules)?
The measure of attraction and how much one molecule is attracted to another
What are the three types of (molecular) gradients?
Concentration
Electrical
Electrochemical
What is a concentration gradient?
A straightforward consideration of how much of a molecule there is in one place compared to another
What is an electrical gradient?
Where there is a difference in electrical potential (voltage) across a membrane, caused by different versions of ions on either side of the membrane
What is meant by the term “membrane potential”?
The electrical potential difference across a membrane produced by the location of differently charged particles in relation to each other
How does an electrochemical gradient occur?
When there is both a chemical concentration and an electrical potential difference across a membrane
Both the number of molecules and their electrical charge are relevant
How do you balance an unbalanced chemical equation?
By adding numbers to the left of one or more of the formulae
What is a balanced chemical equation?
It represents a chemical reaction using the formulae of the reactants and products. It shows the number of units of each substance involved
In chemistry, what is a reactant?
A substance that reacts together with another substance to form products during a chemical reaction
In chemistry, what is a product?
A substance formed in a chemical reaction
What are on the left side of a chemical equation?
The reactants
What are on the right side of a chemical equation?
The products
What are the steps for balancing a chemical equation?
Identify the products and reactants
Write the number of atoms
Add coefficients
Balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms last
In maths, what are the rules for rearranging equations?
Whatever you do to one side of the equation, you must do to the other side
To move a symbol to the other side of the = sign, do the opposite action
What is the range of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?
400 nanometres to 700 nanometres
4 x 10 ^-7 m to 7 x 10 ^-7 m
Light waves which have a longer wavelength are in which section of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum?
The right of the red section
Where on the electromagnetic spectrum are shorter (light) wavelengths found?
To the left of the violet
What sort of applications are there for light waves with lower frequencies?
Domestic settings such as microwaves
Radio waves
What are some applications of light waves with higher frequencies?
X-rays
Gamma rays used in medical imaging
Name 6 types of waves of the electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves Radio waves
What are anions? What change have they undergone?
Negatively charged ions
They have gained at least one electron in their valence shell
What are cations? What change have they undergone?
Positively charged ions
They have lost at least one electron from their valence shell
Ions are crucial in the determination of what within the body?
pH
Do acidic solutions have a higher or lower concentration of H+ (hydrogen) ions?
Higher
Do alkali solutions have a higher or lower concentraction of H+ (hydrogen) ions?
Lower
What is neutral pH?
Around 7
Acidosis and alkalosis are both dangerous conditions if they occur in blood or tissue. One of them is associated with high H+ concentrations and one with low. Which is which?
Acidosis goes with high H+ concentration
Alkalosis goes with low H+ concentration
What is the definition of a molecule?
Two or more atoms bound together
What is the term for a molecule which contains at least two different elements?
A compound
