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SK299 > General Revision > Flashcards

General Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the properties of hydrogen bonds

A

Individual bonds are weak but when there are many they form key connections within the human body such as proteins

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2
Q

What is the terms for the type of stable bond formed when two atoms share electrons?

A

Covalent bond

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3
Q

Which of the following types of bonds does not involve sharing or transferring electrons?
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

How are ions formed?

A

By the loss or gain of one or more electrons in order to complete their outer valence shells

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5
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

When ions of opposite charges are attracted to each other

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A bond where electrons in the outer valence (shell) are shared between two atoms

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7
Q

Are covalent bonds strong or weak?

A

Strong

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8
Q

What is affinity (in regards to molecules)?

A

The measure of attraction and how much one molecule is attracted to another

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9
Q

What are the three types of (molecular) gradients?

A

Concentration
Electrical
Electrochemical

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10
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A straightforward consideration of how much of a molecule there is in one place compared to another

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11
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

Where there is a difference in electrical potential (voltage) across a membrane, caused by different versions of ions on either side of the membrane

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12
Q

What is meant by the term “membrane potential”?

A

The electrical potential difference across a membrane produced by the location of differently charged particles in relation to each other

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13
Q

How does an electrochemical gradient occur?

A

When there is both a chemical concentration and an electrical potential difference across a membrane
Both the number of molecules and their electrical charge are relevant

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14
Q

How do you balance an unbalanced chemical equation?

A

By adding numbers to the left of one or more of the formulae

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15
Q

What is a balanced chemical equation?

A

It represents a chemical reaction using the formulae of the reactants and products. It shows the number of units of each substance involved

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16
Q

In chemistry, what is a reactant?

A

A substance that reacts together with another substance to form products during a chemical reaction

17
Q

In chemistry, what is a product?

A

A substance formed in a chemical reaction

18
Q

What are on the left side of a chemical equation?

A

The reactants

19
Q

What are on the right side of a chemical equation?

A

The products

20
Q

What are the steps for balancing a chemical equation?

A

Identify the products and reactants
Write the number of atoms
Add coefficients
Balance oxygen and hydrogen atoms last

21
Q

In maths, what are the rules for rearranging equations?

A

Whatever you do to one side of the equation, you must do to the other side
To move a symbol to the other side of the = sign, do the opposite action

22
Q

What is the range of visible light in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

400 nanometres to 700 nanometres

4 x 10 ^-7 m to 7 x 10 ^-7 m

23
Q

Light waves which have a longer wavelength are in which section of the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

The right of the red section

24
Q

Where on the electromagnetic spectrum are shorter (light) wavelengths found?

A

To the left of the violet

25
Q

What sort of applications are there for light waves with lower frequencies?

A

Domestic settings such as microwaves

Radio waves

26
Q

What are some applications of light waves with higher frequencies?

A

X-rays

Gamma rays used in medical imaging

27
Q

Name 6 types of waves of the electromagnetic spectrum

A 
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
28
Q

What are anions? What change have they undergone?

A

Negatively charged ions

They have gained at least one electron in their valence shell

29
Q

What are cations? What change have they undergone?

A

Positively charged ions

They have lost at least one electron from their valence shell

30
Q

Ions are crucial in the determination of what within the body?

A

pH

31
Q

Do acidic solutions have a higher or lower concentration of H+ (hydrogen) ions?

A

Higher

32
Q

Do alkali solutions have a higher or lower concentraction of H+ (hydrogen) ions?

A

Lower

33
Q

What is neutral pH?

A

Around 7

34
Q

Acidosis and alkalosis are both dangerous conditions if they occur in blood or tissue. One of them is associated with high H+ concentrations and one with low. Which is which?

A

Acidosis goes with high H+ concentration

Alkalosis goes with low H+ concentration

35
Q

What is the definition of a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bound together

36
Q

What is the term for a molecule which contains at least two different elements?

A

A compound

SK299 (15 decks)

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