topic 7 (midterm 2) Flashcards
differential reinforcement
an operant training procedure in which some behaviors are systematically reinforced and others are not
types of differential reinforcement
- differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)
- Differential reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH)
- differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
- differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon a low rate of responding during a certain period of time. (i.e. the behavior is only reinforced if it occurs no more than a set maximum number of times in a set time period). results in less of the behavior but not none
full session DRL
reinforcement delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a period of time.
spaced responding DRL
reinforcement delivered if a set amount of time passes between responses
using DRL
- identify target behavior
- evaluate if DRL is best procedure
- determine acceptable rate of the behavior
- full session or spaced responding DRL
- once plan is set, inform client
- implement treatment and provide feedback
differential reinforcement of high rates of responding (DRH)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon a high rate of responding during a certain period of time. i.e., the behavior is only reinforced if it occurs at least a set minimum number of times in a set time period. results in more of the behavior
differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon the absence of the behavior during a set period of time . i.e., reinforcement only occurs if the behavior is absent in a set time period. (can technically be extinction but only if you specify that it is the reinforcer that specifically reinforced that behavior in the 1st place)
short DRO interval
use a short time interval for DRO if it is a frequent problem behavior
long DRO interval
use a long time interval for DRO if it is an infrequent problem behavior
using DRO
- identify target behavior
- evaluate if DRO is best procedure
- determine effective reinforcer
- choose initial DRO interval
5.once plan is set, inform client - implement treatment and provide feedback
whole interval DRO
the problem must be absent for the whole interval for reinforcement (referred to simply as DRO)
momentary DRO
the problem must be absent at the end of the interval for reinforcement
differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
reinforcer is delivered contingent upon the occurrence of desirable behavior. the occurrence of the undesired behavior is put on extinction. (i.e., reinforcement of wanted behavior and extinction of unwanted behavior)
using DRA
- identify target behaviors to increase and decrease
- evaluate if DRA is best procedure
- determine effective reinforcer
- determine method of extinction (or devaluation)
- once plan is set, inform the client
- implement treatment and provide feedback
identifying effective reinforcers
could use the reinforcer that is maintaining the undesired behavior, can observe what the subject enjoys (high probability behaviors), can ask subject what they like
single stimulus assessment
potential reinforcers presented individually multiple times in random orderings. On each exposure, record if stimulus was approached or not. percentage of approaches are calculated
paired stimulus assessment
potential reinforcers are presented in pairs. each stimulus is presented with every other stimulus multiple times. percentage of approaches/selections are calculated
multiple stimulus assessment with out replacement
potential reinforcers are presented in a full array. items are removed as they are chosen. process is repeated with varied item orderings. Items chosen 1st are likely more reinforcing
reinforcement of alternative behavior
reinforce alternative behavior immediately and consistently. (contingency and contiguity are important). If desirable behavior is rare, can prompt to make the behavior more likely to occur
prompting desired behavior
prompt the desirable behavior before undesirable behavior occurs, not after. prompt when important establishing operations and discriminative stimuli are present.
extinction (or devaluation) of undesired behavior
identify reinforcers maintaining undesirable behavior (functional assessment works). If reinforcer can be withheld by change agent, use extinction as normal. if reinforcer cannot be withheld, get creative (increase effort required to complete undesired behavior, use DRL to reduce the occurrence of the undesirable behavior, use DRO to eliminate undesirable behavior)
maintenance and generalization
switch from continuous reinforcement during learning to intermittent reinforcement for maintenance. generalization procedures to help ensure the desirable behavior occurs in all relevant situations and with all relevant agents
differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior (DNRA)
DRA except reinforcement is the removal of an aversive stimulus (i.e. escape behavior)
self injurious behavior (SIB)
a behavior in which the subject causes harm to themself
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior
behavior that is incompatible with the unwanted behavior is reinforced. Increasing rate of desired behavior also decreases the rate of undesired behavior because the two cannot occur simultaneously
differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)
a communication response is reinforced to replace the problem behavior. the communication response delivers the reinforcer more rapidly than the problem behavior
