topic 5 (midterm 2) Flashcards
Premack Principle for reinforcement
if the low probability behavior must be completes in order to get to perform the high probability behavior , then the low probability behavior will be more likely to occur as time goes on
Premack Principle for punishment
if the low probability behavior must be completed if the high probability behavior has occurred, then the high probability behavior will be less likely to occur as time goes on
variables affecting punishment
contingency, contiguity, intensity,
introductory intensity of punishment
if punishment is to be used , it must be intense enough to suppress the behavior dramatically
risks of not using intense punishers from the start
behavior does not get suppressed, more instances of punishment are required, greater intensities end up being required
reinforcement affects punishment
effectiveness of reinforcers maintaining a behavior influence effectiveness of punisher. providing other means of obtaining reinforcement that maintained a behavior will suppress the behavior more effectively than not providing one
aversive contingencies
situations where a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of that behavior occurring again
positive punishment practices
overcorrection, contingent exercise, guided compliance, physical constraint
overcorrection
involving the repetition of appropriate behavior after the occurrence of an unwanted behavior. contingent on the problem behavior, individual has to engage in effortful behavior related to the problem behavior.
variations: positive practice and restitution
positive practice
variation of overcorrection. Individual must do the correct form of a behavior for a period of time
restitution
variation of overcorrection. Individual must fix the environment disrupted by the problem behavior.
contingent exercise
contingent on the problem behavior. The individual engages in some effortful behavior for a specified period of time. The effortful behavior is unrelated to the problem behavior
guided compliance
contingent on problem behavior. the Individual is physically guided to comply with the request
physical restraint
contingent on the problem behavior. The body part involved in the behavior is held immobile for a specified period of time
response blocking
variation of physical restraint. involves physically intervening to prevent a maladaptive behavior from occurring
negative punishment practices
time out, response cost
time out
“timeout” from positive reinforcement. behavior results in loss of access to a positive reinforcer that is maintaining that behavior.
2 variations: exclusionary and non-exclusionary
exclusionary timeout
individual is completely removed from the location
non-exclusionary timeout
individual is prevented from participating but is still in the location
response cost
contingent on problem behavior occurring. a specified amount of reinforcer is removed. I.e. if you engage in the problem behavior, X amount of a thing will be taken away (ex. swear jar)
negative reinforcement practices
escape learning, avoidance learning, learned helplessness
learned helplessness
when an inescapable aversive situation is repeatedly encountered, individuals learn that it cannot be escaped and stop trying. they come to believe that they are unable to influence the situation.
overcome learned helplessness
create a situation in which a failure of avoidance is not possible.
pre-exposure to escape and avoidance contingencies can block the learned helplessness brought on by inescapable aversive events
punishment can be reinforcing
someone who successfully uses punishment to reduce the occurrence of an undesired behavior is negatively reinforced by the removal of that aversive behavior and is therefore more likely to engage in that behavior. can also lead to imitation or modelling in the individual being punished.
avoiding and escaping behavior
can induce escape and avoidance behaviors like lying, hiding, and learning when it is safe to engage in the behavior with out being caught. aggression can also be a form of escape
alternative behaviors
punishment alone does not teach acceptable behaviors that could be done instead.
effective punishment
do not delay punishment
use consistent contingency and intensity
explain punishment
negative punishment is preferred
provides alternative to reinforcement
ethics of punishment
informed consent
alternative treatments
recipient safety
problem severity
implementation guidelines
training and supervision
peer review
avoidance learning
Learning to prevent an aversive stimulus before it occurs
escape learning
Learning to stop an aversive stimulus after it has started
