topic 2 (midterm 2)

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

an enduring or durable change in behavior or mental processes due to experience. relatively permanent

Question 2

innate

Answer 2

something inborn or naturally occurring

Question 3

reflex

Answer 3

stimulus response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates behavior that happens automatically

Question 4

elicited behavior

Answer 4

occurs in response to environmental stimulus . has adaptive value (ex. eye blink reflex)

Question 5

modal action patterns (MAP)

Answer 5

species typical response patterns or “instincts”; genetically programmed. A sequence of behaviors, not a single action.

Question 6

eliciting stimuli

Answer 6

stimuli that initiates the modal action pattern

Question 7

sign stimulus

Answer 7

aka releasing stimulus. features necessary to elicit a response

Question 8

supernormal stimulus

Answer 8

exaggerated sign stimulus that elicits more vigorous response

Question 9

event-alone learning

Answer 9

habituation and sensitization. (repeated stimulation can alter the magnitude of behavioral response)

Question 10

habituation

Answer 10

process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli. Highly specific to the stimulus producing it.

Question 11

sensory adaptation

Answer 11

reduction in sensitivity of the sense organs caused by repeated stimulation

Question 12

fatigue

Answer 12

decrease in behavior due to repeated or excessive use of muscles.

Question 13

sensitization

Answer 13

increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus. Not specified to one stimulus

Question 14

event- event learning

Answer 14

classical/respondent/ Pavlovian conditioning

Question 15

classical conditioning

Answer 15

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a 2nd stimulus.

Question 16

association

Answer 16

a relationship between 2 stimuli

Question 17

acquisition

Answer 17

time while an association is being learned

Question 18

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 18

biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it.

Question 19

unconditioned response

Answer 19

response naturally associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

neutral stimulus

Answer 20

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 21

conditioned stimulus

Answer 21

previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

Question 22

conditioned response

Answer 22

learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 23

behavior event learning

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 24

if a response , in presence of a stimulus , is followed by reward, bond between stimulus and response is strengthened. If it is followed by punishment, bond between stimulus an response is weakened.

Question 25

operant (instrumental conditioning)

Answer 25

learning that is controlled by the consequences of behavior

Question 26

positive reinforcement

Answer 26

add something desirable. Increases frequency of behavior

Question 27

negative reinforcement

Answer 27

remove something undesirable. Increases frequency of behavior

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

add something undesirable. Decreases frequency of behavior

Question 29

negative punishment

Answer 29

remove something desirable. Decreases frequency of behavior

Question 30

operant behaviors

Answer 30

controlled by their consequences

Question 31

classical behaviors

Answer 31

controlled by antecedent stimuli

Question 32

social (observational) learning

Answer 32

we understand what to do by watching others

Question 33

vicarious conditioning

Answer 33

occurs by an organism watching another organism (a model) be conditioned