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1[GCSE Biology]1 > Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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2
Q

What is a Target Organ?

A

where the hormone affects

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3
Q

What are Endocrine Glands?

A

Produce hormones for your body

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4
Q

How does the hormones reach the target organ?

A

They are released into the blood and carried to the target organ.

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5
Q

What is and what does the pituitary gland do?

A

This gland produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. Called “master gland” as these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring change.

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6
Q

What is and what do the ovaries do?

A

Produces oestrogen and progesterone. Ovaries control menstrual cycle.

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7
Q

What is and what do the testes do?

A

Produces testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

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8
Q

What is and what does the pancreas do?

A

This produces insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

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9
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Releases adrenaline to prepare the body for a ‘fight’ or ‘flight’ response. Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase. This increases the blood flow to the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration. Adrenaline also binds to the receptors in the liver. These causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose. This increases the blood glucose level, so there’s more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells.

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10
Q

What does the Thyroid gland do?

A

Releases thyroxine which plays an important role in regulating metabolic rate - the speed at which chemical reactions occur in the body.

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11
Q

How is the blood thyroxine level kept at the right level?

A

When the blood thyroxine level is lower than normal, the hypothalamus (a structure in the brain) is stimulated to release thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal.
When the blood thyroxine level becomes higher than normal, the release of TRH from the hypothalamus inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH so the blood thyroxine level falls.

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12
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is about maintaining a constant internal environment.

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13
Q

What does Homeostasis allow?

A

Homeostasis allows cells to carry out chemical reactions. Enzymes are very specific and requires constant environment to work properly; temperature, pH and substrate concentration.

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14
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Thermoregulation is the process your body uses to keep its internal temperature steady.

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15
Q

Why is thermoregulation important?

A

This is important because if the temperature is too low, enzyme activity slows down and if its too high, enzyme may start to denature so they can’t work anymore.

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16
Q

What happens to your body when you are too hot?

A

Thermoreceptors detect this increase in temperature and send nerve impulses to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus receives these impulses and send nerve impulses to effectors in the skin. The skin then tries to decrease the temperature.

  • Erector muscles relax, hairs lie flat.
  • Sweat glands in the dermis release more sweat onto the surface of the epidermis. The sweat evaporates, transferring heat energy from the skin to the environment.
  • Blood vessels near the surface widen. This allows more blood to flow near the surface so more energy is transferred. - Vasodilation.
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17
Q

What happens to your body when you are too cold?

A

Thermoreceptors detect this decrease in temperature and send nerve impulses to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus receives these impulses and send nerve impulses to effectors in the skin. The skin then tries to increase the temperature.

  • Skeletal muscles contract rapidly and we shiver. These contractions need energy from respiration, and some of this is released as heat.
  • Nerve impulses are sent to the hair erector muscles in the dermis, which contract. This raises the skin hairs and traps a layer of insulating air next to the skin to keep you warm.
  • Very little sweat is produced.
  • Blood vessels tighten meaning less blood flows near the surface, which prevents less energy to be lost. - Vasoconstriction.
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18
Q

What is glucose used for?

A

Glucose is used in respiration for energy.

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19
Q

What is Aerobic respiration?

A

This is where oxygen is used with glucose to form water + carbon dioxide. This is more useful energy.

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20
Q

What is Anaerobic respiration?

A

This is where oxygen is not used and only glucose and energy is used to create lactic acid. This is less useful energy.

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21
Q

How is blood glucose levels reduced to the normal when its too high?

A

Pancreas detects high blood glucose levels and releases insulin into the blood. The insulin is then taken in by the liver and muscle cells which makes the liver and muscle cells turn glucose in and turns into glycogen (glucose molecules stuck together for storage). The glycogen is then released back into the blood. Now the blood glucose levels have reduced.

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22
Q

How is blood glucose levels increased back to the normal when its too low?

A

Pancreas detects low blood glucose levels and releases glucagon into the blood. The glucagon is then taken in by the liver which makes the liver turn the glycogen into glucose. The glucose is then released back into the blood.
Now the blood glucose levels have reduced.

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23
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is where the pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin. This is a condition where your immune system accidentally attacks healthy body tissues (the pancreas) by mistake. Therefore your damaged pancreas is then unable to produce insulin to remove glucose from blood into your cells. Insulin is injected to treat type 1 diabetes.

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24
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

This is where not enough insulin is produced meaning that the glucose stays in the blood and isn’t used as a fuel for energy.

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25
Q

What is osmoregulation? What organ are involved?

A

Osmoregulation is about controlling water content in the blood. The organs involved include the pituitary gland, kidney and bladder.

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26
Q

Why is osmoregulation important?

A

Water levels and mineral ions in the blood are controlled to keep the concentrations the same inside the cells as around them. This protects cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them by osmosis. If body cells lose or gain too much water, they do not function efficiently.

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27
Q

What happens when blood water levels are low?

A

Osmoreceptors detect change and ADH is released more from the pituitary gland. Then ADH makes the kidney reabsorb more water and blood water levels stabilise.

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28
Q

What happens when blood water levels are high?

A

Osmoreceptors in the brain detects water gain. The pituitary gland releases less ADH. Less ADH means the kidney reabsorbs less water. Blood water levels stabilise.

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29
Q

What is a kidney?

A

This organ cleans the blood.

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30
Q

What is a Renal Artery?

A

This artery sends blood into kidney for cleaning.

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31
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

Deoxygenated blood from body to heart.

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32
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Oxygenated blood from heart.

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33
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Urine goes through this as it exits the body.

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34
Q

What is the bladder?

A

The bladder stores urine.

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35
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

Cleared blood back to the heart.

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36
Q

What is the ureter?

A

This takes urine (formed in kidney) to the bladder.

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37
Q

What is urea?

A

Urea is a waste product produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver.

38
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

As the protein is broken down urea is produced. Urea is toxic and so needs to be removed from the blood.

Kidneys remove urea using ultra filtration and they will balance water content of the blood. They are also involved in ion concentration regulation.

39
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. It is where the urea is filtered out of the blood and where osmoregulation takes place. Each kidney has millions of nephrons.

The first stage of the blood cleaning process is ultrafiltration. This is filtering on a microscopic scale.

40
Q

What happens in the nephron?

A

The blood enters via the renal artery and enters the glomerulus. The liquid part of the blood containing water, urea, ions and glucose is squeezed by a network of capillaries into the bowman’s capsule. Bigger molecules (proteins) and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes and are not forced. Then, as the liquid flows along the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed such as sufficient ions, sufficient water and all the glucose selectively.

41
Q

What is the Loop of Henlé?

A

This is the site of ion regulation.

42
Q

What happens at the distal convoluted tubule?

A

This is the site of osmoregulation.

43
Q

List five causes of kidney failures.

A 
. Heart disease
. Scarring of the liver
. Dehydration 
. Severe burns
. Allergic reaction
44
Q

List 5 symptoms of kidney failure.

A 
. Reduced amount of urine.
. Unexplained shortness of breath.
. Pain or pressure in your chest.
. Excessive drowsiness
. High blood pressure.
45
Q

What is kidney failure?

A

This is when the kidney is no longer able to filter the blood effectively; plasma is not reabsorbed properly, proteins and cells pass through the bowman’s capsule.

46
Q

What happens to nephrons when kidneys fail? (4)

A 
Nephrons are destroyed, leading to:
. Reduced quantity of urine
. Dilute urine
. Dehydration
. Salt imbalance
47
Q

What are kidney transplants?

A

When you replace a dysfunctional kidney with another healthy kidney. The donor must have a similar tissue type to the patient

48
Q

What are the two kinds of dialysis?

A

. Haemodialysis - where blood is cleaned outside the body.

. Peritoneal dialysis - where cleaning of the blood is done inside the body.

49
Q

Can kidney failure be treated?

A

Treatment is available for kidney failure and can be by organ transplant or by using kidney dialysis.

50
Q

What happens in haemodiaylsis?

A

This involves pumping blood out of the body into an external machines which filters/cleans the blood before putting it back in the body. This can be done 3 times a week for 3-4 hours. The machine is made up of filters and a special liquid called dialysate. The membranes filter waste products (passed into dialysate liquid; the filtered blood is returned whilst the used diaylsate is replaced with fresh dialysate.

51
Q

What is acute kidney failure?

A

Acute kidney failure happens when your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the blood.

52
Q

What is the Fallopian tube/oviduct?

A

This is where the egg transplanted from the ovary to the uterus. Cilia cells line the walls to move the egg. Fertilisation occurs here.

53
Q

What is chronic kidney failure?

A

Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition where the kidneys don’t work as well as they should.

54
Q

What is the Womb/uterus?

A

This is where the baby grows.

55
Q

What is the uterus lining?

A

This is where the embryo implants to grow.

56
Q

What is the egg?

A

This is a female sex cell.

57
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The vagina is where the penis enters here and where the baby exits the womb in the vagina.

58
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

This is where the eggs mature.

59
Q

What is the cervix?

A

This is a band of muscles which opens at birth.

60
Q

What happens between day 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The period.

61
Q

What happens between day 6-18 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining builds up

62
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

63
Q

What happens between day 12-16 of the menstrual cycle?

A

This is the fertile window.

64
Q

What happens between day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining maintaining.

65
Q

What is Oestrogen?

A

This is produced from the developing egg. This builds up the uterus lining. This stimulates the release of FSH. Peaks at ovulation. Maintain high levels from day 16-26.

66
Q

What is progesterone?

A

This is produced from the empty egg shell (corpus luteum). Maintains lining of the uterus. As the corpus luteum breaks n

67
Q

What is FSH?

A

This is known as the Follicle stimulating hormone. It is produced from the pituitary gland and stimulates the egg to mature in the ovary. Increases Oestrogen production.

68
Q

What is LH?

A

This is known as the Luteinising hormone. This is released by the pituitary gland. Causes ovulation. Makes the follicle develop into a corpus luteum.

69
Q

What is the tail in the sperm cell?

A

Also known as the flagellum. Helps the sperm cell reach the egg cell. It propels the sperm cell in the direction needed.

70
Q

What is the aerosome in the sperm cell?

A

This contains digestive enzymes helps the sperm cell enter the egg cell by breaking down the outer membrane.

71
Q

What is the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell?

A

The nucleus is the centre of the head. Stores genetic information. Contains 50% of DNA.

72
Q

What is the mitochodria in the sperm cell?

A

The mitochondria acts like a digestive system which takes in nutrients to build energy for the flagella to swim to the egg cell.

73
Q

What is the plasma membrane in the sperm cell?

A

Like cell membrane

74
Q

What is the cell membrane in the sperm cell?

A

This controls what goes in and out.

75
Q

What is the sperm cell?

A

Sperm cell is the male reproductive cell

76
Q

How is the egg cell different to the sperm cell? (3)

A

> Much larger
Can’t move by themselves
Have lots of nutrients for growth of the embryo

77
Q

What happens in Fertilisation? (3)

A

> Egg and Sperm cell combine
Recombination of genes
Haploid(sperm) + Haploid(egg) = Diploid Zygote (full set of DNA)

78
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are super adaptable cells which can transform into any kind of cell.

79
Q

How can stem cells be formed?

A

Diploid zygote divides by mitosis to form the stem cells.

80
Q

What is the Hayflick Limit?

A

Hayflick Limit - number of times a cell can divide. Stem cells do not have this limit.

81
Q

What is infertility?

A

When a couple cannot have children

82
Q

What is IVF?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation. IVF is a process where egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside the body. Eggs and sperm are taken from a man and woman and are fertilised. The fertilised egg (embryo) is then put into the women’s uterus and allowed to grow. This is used for couples who are infertile.

83
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

Some women have difficulty becoming pregnant because they do not ovulate (release eggs).

Clomifene is a drug used as a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation, the release of eggs. It works by blocking the action of oestrogen’s negative feedback on LH. Therefore more LH is released in a surge. This mimics the LH surge which occurs just before ovulation.

84
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

The oral contraceptive, which is known as the pill, contains oestrogen or progesterone or a combination of both hormones. These hormones inhibit the production of FSH, and eggs cannot mature.

Oestrogen at low levels stimulates the release of eggs. However at high doses, oestrogen will inhibit FSH production. After taking the pill for a while, egg development and release will stop completely. If there is no egg available, there can be no baby. This is why contraceptive pills are so effective.

85
Q

What are the benefits and risks of oral contraceptives?

A

Oral contraceptives are more than 99% effective if taken correctly and can reduce the risk of certain cancers.

However, there are possible side effects, such as changes in weight, mood and blood pressure due to high levels of oestrogen. Modern pills contain much less oestrogen.

Contraceptive injections, implants or skin patches contain slow release progesterone to inhibit the maturation and release of eggs.

86
Q

What are the non-hormonal contraceptives? (5)

A
  • physical barrier methods such as condoms and diaphragms, which prevent the sperm reaching an egg
  • intrauterine devices (IUD) also known as a coil, prevent the implantation of an embryo or release of a hormone
  • spermicidal agents which kill or disable sperm
  • abstaining from intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct
  • surgical methods of male and female sterilisation - an example is a vasectomy, where the sperm ducts are cut and tied.
87
Q

What are the benefits and risks of non-hormonal contraceptives? (6)

A
  • condoms are easy and quick to use, but sometimes they can tear or rip
  • diaphragms need to be put in just before sex and left in several hours afterwards
  • IUDs need to be fitted by a health professional - IUD can remain in position for up to 10 years, however there is a small risk of causing an ectopic pregnancy
  • spermicidal agents can be added to other physical barriers such as condoms, but some people can have allergic reactions to these
  • abstaining can be used successfully, but if the timings are not accurate the chance of pregnancy is high
  • surgical methods cannot be reversed, and is considered permanent
88
Q

What is the sphincter?

A

This holds the bladder closed.

94
Q

How do you work out the Body Mass Index?

A

BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ (height)squared (height in m)

95
Q

How do you work out the waist-to-hip ratio?

A

Waist-to-hip ratio = Waist circumference (cm) ÷ Hip circumference (cm)

1[GCSE Biology]1 (23 decks)

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