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1[GCSE Biology]1 > Exchange and transport in Animals > Flashcards

Exchange and transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the need for an exchange surface in single-celled organisms?

A

Gases & dissolved substances can diffuse directly into (or out of) the cell across the cell membrane. + It’s because they have a large surface area compared to their volume. + So enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the volume of the cell. +They have less distance to travel.

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2
Q

What three things does the rate of diffusion depend on?

A

+Distance +Concentration difference (gradient) +Surface area

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3
Q

What is the function of the lungs?

A

To transfer oxygen (O2) to the blood and to remove waste carbon dioxide (CO2) from it.

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4
Q

How does the lungs execute it function?

A

The lungs contain millions of little air sacs called alveoli where gas exchange takes place.

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5
Q

How does the alveoli execute its function?

A

Blood arriving at the alveoli has returned to the lungs from the rest of the body - contains lots of CO2. +Maximises concentration gradient for the diffusion of both gases. +O2 diffuses out of the air in the alveoli (where concentration of O2 is high) and into the blood (where the concentration of O2 is low). +Co2 diffuses in the opposite direction to be breathed out.

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6
Q

How are the alveoli adapted to maximise diffusion?

A

+They have a moist lining for dissolving gases +A good blood supply to maintain the concentration gradients of O2 and CO2. +Very thin walls - minimising the distance that gases have to move. +An large surface area (75 m2 in humans)

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7
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and the blood.

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8
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

The relationship between the rate of diffusion and the factors that affect it. +Rate of diffusion DOUBLES if: +The surface area/difference in concentration DOUBLES +The thickness of the membrane HALVES

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9
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Cells found in the blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to all cells in the body. +Has a biconcave disc disc shape - gives a large surface area for absorbing oxygen. +Has no nucleus - allows more room to carry oxygen. +Contain a red pigment (haemoglobin) - contains iron +In the lungs, haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin. +In body tissues (reverse happens) - oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen. to release oxygen to the cells.

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10
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Cells that defend against infection. +Contains a nucleus +When an infection occurs, your white blood cells multiply to fight it off. +A blood test will show a high white blood cell count.

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11
Q

What are Phagocytes?

A

White blood cells that can change shape to engulf unwelcome organisms (phagocytosis)

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12
Q

What are Lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies against microorganisms. +Some also produce antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produces by the microorganisms.

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13
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The pale straw coloured liquid that carries everything in the blood. They carry: +Red & White blood cells +Glucose & Amino acids +Carbon dioxide +Urea +Hormones +Proteins +Antibodies & Antitoxins (produced by white blood cells)

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14
Q

What are blood vessels?

A

Vessels designed to carry blood

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15
Q

What are arteries?

A

+Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart +Heart pumps blood out at high pressure - artery walls are thick, strong & elastic +Contain layers of muscle to make them strong +Elastic fibres allow them to stretch and spring back.

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16
Q

What are Capillaries?

A

Blood vessels branched from arteries - allows exchange of materials. +Really tiny, narrow, (can squeeze into gaps between cells) - means they can carry blood really close to every cell in body to exchange substances. +Have permeable walls - substances can diffuse in and out. +Supply food & oxygen & take away waste like CO2. +Walls usually one cell thick - increases rate of diffusion by decreasing distance over which it occurs.

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17
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart +Capillaries join up to form veins. +Blood is at lower pressure in veins - walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls +Has a bigger lumen than arteries - helps blood flow despite lower pressure. +Has valves - keep blood flowing in the right direction

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18
Q

What is a double circulatory system? (In mammals)

A

Heart pumps blood around body in two circuits: 1)+ Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to take in oxygen. +Oxygenated blood returns to heart 2)+ Heart pumps oxygenated blood around all other organs of the body to deliver oxygen to body cells. +Deoxygenated blood returns to heart

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19
Q

What is a single circulatory system? (In non-mammals[i.e fish])

A

+Deoxygenated blood from the fish’s body travels to heart +Heart pumps it right round body again in a single circuit (via gills where it picks up oxygen)

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20
Q

How does the heart pump blood?

A

Through blood vessels

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21
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from body (via the vena cava)

22
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium +Pumps it to the lungs (via pulmonary artery)

23
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs (via pulmonary vein)

24
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle +Pumps it out round the whole body (via aorta)

25
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a much thicker wall?

A

It needs more muscle because it has to pump blood around the whole body at high pressure. +The right ventricle only has to pump it to the lungs.

26
Q

What are valves

A

Prevent backflow of blood in the heart

27
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle every minute.

28
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of organic compounds (usually glucose)

29
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

These include: +Carbohydrates +Proteins +Lipids

30
Q

What is energy used for?

A

+Metabolic processes +Contracting muscles +Maintaining a steady body temperature

31
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration with oxygen involved +Most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

32
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen involved. +Transfers much less energy than aerobic respiration - less efficient +Glucose is only partially broken down - lactic acid is also produced

33
Q

What does lactic acid do?

A

Builds up in muscles - gets painful & leads to cramp

34
Q

Diagram of the alveoli

A
35
Q

What i the expression for Fick’s Law?

A
36
Q

Diagram of the artery

A
37
Q

Diagram of the capillary

A
38
Q

Diagram of the vein

A
39
Q

Diagram of the circulatory system

A
40
Q

Diagram of the heart

A
41
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A
42
Q

Triangle for cardiac output

A
43
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A
44
Q

What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?

A
45
Q

What is the equation for anaerbic respiration in plants?

A
46
Q

What are the lungs?

A

The organs of ventilation

47
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A
  • Ribs move up - diapragm contracts
  • Large volume created inside the lungs
  • Creates a lower pressure (lower concentration of gas molecules in the lungs)
  • Air is forced into the lungs by atmospheric pressure
48
Q

What happens when you breathe out?

A
  • Ribs move down
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • Creates a higher pressure due to the decrease in volume
  • Air is forced out of the lungs
49
Q

What is breathing

A

When your muscles change the size of your lungs

50
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The movement of air into and out of your lungs

1[GCSE Biology]1 (23 decks)

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