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1[GCSE Biology]1 > Cells & Control > Flashcards

Cells & Control Flashcards

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1
Q

U D A C

What is Cancer?

A

+ A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body + A malignant growth or tumour resulting from an uncontrolled division of cells.

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2
Q

S AT bm

What is a tumour?

A

+ A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.

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3
Q

t s p g

What is mitosis?

A

+A type of cell division that results in two cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

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4
Q

n s s

What is a benign tumour?

A

A tumour that does not invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body.

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5
Q

m s

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A tumour that may invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body

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6
Q

nhl

Why do cancer cells keep dividing?

A

They do not have hayflick limits

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7
Q

hl

Why doesn’t normal cells keep dividing?

A

Because they have hayflick limits

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8
Q

gst

What is Metastasis?

A

Growth of a secondary tumour

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9
Q

D G C

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA and genetic material in the form of chromosomes.

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10
Q

C L D

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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11
Q

2C D

What do body cells normally have?

A

+Two copies of each chromosome +This makes them diploid cells [One comes from the organisms mother and one comes from its father]

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12
Q

2I SNC

What happens when a cell divides by mitosis?

A

+It makes two identical cells to the original cell +The nucleus of each new cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

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13
Q

G DR

When do cells divide?

A

+When an organism grows +An organism becomes damaged and need to produce new cells for repair

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14
Q

TDC

What does Mitosis produce?

A

Two daughter cells

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15
Q

TC D FD DC

What is mitosis?

A

+A type of cell division in which a diploid body cell copies itself.

+It then finally divides into two identical diploid daughter cells.

+The daughter cells are clones of each other [Every base pair of their DNA is identical.]

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16
Q

I P M A T C

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

+Interphase +Prophase +Metaphase +Anaphase +Telophase +Cytokinesis

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17
Q

D C M L

What is interphase?

A

+The DNA in chromosomes copies itself to get ready for mitosis. +The cell spends most of its life in this phase

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18
Q

DC CV MD

What is prophase?

A

+The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible +The membrane around the nucleus disappears

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19
Q

CCL

What is Metaphase?

A

+Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.

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20
Q

CC P

What is Anaphase?

A

+Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.

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21
Q

NM C C

What is Telophase?

A

+New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

22
Q

DBC DID C

What is mitosis?

A

+A type of cell division in which a diploid body cell copies itself. +It then finally divides into two identical diploid daughter cells. +The daughter cells are clones of each other [Every base pair of their DNA is identical.

23
Q

What happens when a cell becomes cancerous?

A

It begins to grow and divide uncontrollably

24
Q

B M

What are the two types of tumour?

A

Benign and Malignant

25
Q

U D N

What type of cells are cancer cells?

A

+Undifferentiated- they do not carry out their normal function

26
Q

C

What causes cancer?

A

Carcinogens

27
Q

CD M1 7LDO

What are carcinogens?

A

+Carcinogens cause cancer by damaging DNA.-Carcinogens cause mutations to occur. +A single mutation will not cause cancer. Several are required for this to occur. +For this reason, we are more likely to develop cancer as we get older

28
Q

V C A E D

What are the lifestyle risk factors of carcinogens?

A

+Viruses +Chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke [increases lung cancer] +Alcohol +Exposure to ultraviolet radiation [leads to development of skin cancers] +Diet [including fat and salt intake]

29
Q

I C G

What are the industrial and environmental risk factors of carcinogens?

A

+Exposure to ionising radiation +Exposure to chemical carcinogens +[There are also genetic risk factors for some cancers]

30
Q

1CFZ MDM M

How do animals and plants begin life?

A

+They begin life as a single cell, fertilised egg or zygote +These cells must divide by mitosis to produce a multicellular organism

31
Q

TA SP MTRS

Where does mitosis happen in plants and animals?

A

+Mitosis happens throughout the bodies of animals +But it only occurs in specific regions of plants +These are called meristems and are found in the tips of roots and shoots [here new cells are formed]

32
Q

SPMO UD US

What are meristems?

A

+Specific areas of plants where mitosis occurs +Meristems produce unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant +The unspecialised cells go on to form specialised tissues like xylem and phloem

33
Q

L OTP

What is cell elongation?

A

+Where plants are able to become longer as they grow +This process occurs throughout the plant not just the meristems +[Cell elongation does not occur in animals]

34
Q

MAPFSR DS WCNE

What is cell differentiation?

A

+Where the cells of multicellular animals and plants develop features that enable them to fulfil specific roles +Cells that have differentiated have become specialised. +Without this specialisation, complex multicellular animals and plants would not exist.

35
Q

CEMNRRS

What are some specialised systems in animals?

A

+Circulatory system +Excretory system +Muscular system +Nervous system +Respiratory system +Reproductive system +Skeletal system

36
Q

What are some specialised cells of plants?

A

+Palisade mesophyll +Spongy mesophyll +Guard cells +Sieve tubes +Companion cells +Xylem vessels +Meristem

37
Q

E P CE

What are some specialised cells of animals?

A

+Egg cell +Sperm cell +Ciliated epithelial cells

38
Q

M L HC

How are the growth of babies measured?

A

+Mass [kg] +Length [cm] +Head circumference [cm]

39
Q

MGB OPT

What are percentile growth charts?

A

Charts that measure the growth of a baby over a period of time

40
Q

NUD YSU

What are stem cells?

A

+Stem cells are cells that have not undergone differentiation.

+ A cell which has not yet become specialised is called undifferentiated.

41
Q

SE DACT

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

+Stem cells found in the embryo that can differentiate into any cell type

42
Q

COD SCT BURD

What are adult stem cells?

A

+Stem cells that can only differentiate into specific cell types +Mainly found in the bone marrow +Used to replace damaged cells

43
Q

What happens in a growing shoot?

A

+New cells are being continuously produced near the tip +As cells become older, further away from the tip, they become differentiated +They enlarge and develop a vacuole

44
Q

B 5DE CS

How do you obtain embryonic stem cells?

A

+The best source is a five day old embryo [although there are clinical ethical and social issues with their use]

45
Q

BMT

Give an example of an adult stem cell transplant

A

Bone marrow transplants

46
Q

BC LL DCT

When are bone marrow transplants carried out

A

+In cases of blood cell cancer such as leukaemia and lymphoma +When blood cells have been destroyed by cancer treatment

47
Q

TPUC GOT MR

What do stem cells have great potential for?

A

+Treating patients with currently untreatable conditions +Growing organs for transplants +Medical research

48
Q

NG DSD DOS SM CSC

What are the clinical issues of stem cells?

A

+There is no guarantee how successful treatment will be +The difficulty in finding suitable stem cell donors

+The difficulty in obtaining and storing a patients embryonic stem cells +Stem cells could mutate (causes cancer) +Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with viruses

49
Q

SUE[IVF] RCD? ECEDP

What are the ethical issues of stem cells?

A

+A source of embryonic stem cell is unused embryos produced by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) +Is is right to create embryos for therapy and destroy them in the process? +Embryos could come to be viewed as a commodity, not as an embryo that could develop into a person

50
Q

IEP BO PEPFC SDS

What are the social issues of stem cells?

A

+It is important to educate the public about what stem cells can and can’t do +Whether benefits of stem cell research outweigh the objections +Patients could be exploited by paying for expensive treatments and being given false hope of a cure [as stem cell therapies are only in their developmental stages]

1[GCSE Biology]1 (23 decks)

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