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1[GCSE Biology]1 > [Cells & Control2]Nervous system + the eye > Flashcards

[Cells & Control2]Nervous system + the eye Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in internal or external environment or surroundings

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2
Q

What is a response?

A

A reaction to the change

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3
Q

State the order that the coordinated response happens in (5)

A

STIMULUS RECEPTOR COORDINATOR EFFECTOR RESPONSE

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4
Q

What does a response organ do?

A

It detects a stimulus

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5
Q

What does an effector organ do?

A

Carries out the response

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6
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

Detects the change in the environment and changes its energy form into electrical energy, which can then be sent via the nervous system

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7
Q

Give two examples of a receptor and what energy it converts into nerve impulses

A

Eye coverts light energy into nerve impulsesEar converts sound energy into nerve impulses

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8
Q

What is Transduction?

A

The changing of energy from one form to the other

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9
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Carry information FROM the central nervous system (CNS)

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10
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Carry information TO the Central Nervous System (CNS)

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11
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory nerves and motor nerves

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13
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

To carry messages to and from the brain to all parts of the body

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14
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Nerve cell bodyCytoplasmNucleus DendritesAxon

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15
Q

What is the axon and what does it do?

A

It is long and fibrous and connects the cell body to parts of the body (eg muscles)

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16
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

Connect various nerve cell bodies together

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17
Q

What do motor neurons do?

A

Transmit impulses to muscles enabling a response

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18
Q

What do the sensory neurons do?

A

Impulses from the receptors pass along then until they reach the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

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19
Q

Where is the cell body found on a motor neuron?

A

At the start

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20
Q

Where is the cell body found in a sensory neuron?

A

In the middle

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21
Q

What does the cell body do on a sensory neuron?

A

It decides where the impulses go (brain or spinal cord)

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22
Q

What does the axon do on a sensory neuron?

A

Carries out decision

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23
Q

Give an example of a stimulus

A

Heat, pain, sound or anything else that makes sense lol

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24
Q

What is reaction time?

A

The interval time between the presentation of a stimulus and the start of the muscular response

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25
Q

What are stimulants? Give an example

A

Drugs that increase brain activity eg nicotine caffeine ecstasy

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26
Q

What are depressants? Give an example

A

Drugs that slow down brain activity eg alcohol solvents temazepan

27
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The gap between the axon of a sensory neuron and the sense ok of a motor neuron.

28
Q

How do synapses work?

A

Electrical impulse travels along axonTriggers nerve ending of neuron to release neurotransmitters (chemicals)These chemicals diffuse across synapse and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of next neuronThe receptor molecules bind only to the specific chemicals released from first neuronThis stimulates second neuron to transmit the electrical impulse

29
Q

How do synapses affect your reaction time?

A

Make it slower because it takes time for chemicals to diffuse across synapse

30
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus

31
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex action?

A

To protect the body

32
Q

What does an involuntary response mean?

A

That it is not started by impulses from the brain

33
Q

Give 3 examples of reflexes

A

Startle reflexWithdrawal reflexIris reflex

34
Q

What does the grey matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Mainly cell bodies (intellectual part)

35
Q

What does the white matter in the spinal cord contain?

A

Axons and fatty myelin sheath

36
Q

Function of cornea

A

It refracts the light and protects the eye

37
Q

Function of iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

38
Q

How does the iris work

A

It changes the shape of the pupils using circular and radial muscles

39
Q

What characteristic to circular and radial muscles have?

A

They are antagonistic

40
Q

What does the iris do in bright light?

A

Circular muscles contract Radial muscles relaxPupils constrict

41
Q

What does the iris do in dim light?

A

Circular muscles relaxRadial muscles contractPupils dilate

42
Q

Function of the lens

A

Focuses light onto the retina

43
Q

Function of the ciliary muscles

A

Help change the shape of the lens in accommodation

44
Q

What is the process called that controls how your eyes focus

A

Accommodation

45
Q

What is accommodation?

A

When the lens changes shape to cause more or less refraction depending on the distance of the object controlled by the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

46
Q

What happens in accommodation with a distant object

A

Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments tighten Lens is pulled thin (to allow more refraction)

47
Q

What happens in accommodation with a close object

A

Ciliary muscles contractSuspensory ligaments slacken Lens becomes fatter (to allow less refraction)

48
Q

Function of the optic nerve

A

The bundle of sensory neutrons that carry impulses to the brain

49
Q

Function of the retina

A

Layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors cells called rods and cones

50
Q

When do rod cells work and what colour to they see in

A

In dim light and can only see in black and white

51
Q

When do cone cells work and what colour do they see in

A

In bright light and detect the colours red, green and blue

52
Q

Function of the fovea

A

Area of the retina with the highest concentration of cone cells that provide sharp vision

53
Q

Function of the aqueous humour

A

Maintains the pressure in the eye and nourishes the cornea

54
Q

Function of the vitreous humour

A

Maintains the shape of the eye and attaches to the retina

55
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Tough outer layer that extra-ocular muscles can attach to

56
Q

Function of the pupil

A

Hole in the centre of the eye that lets light in

57
Q

What makes up a neurone?

A

cell bodyDendritesAxon

58
Q

What is the job of sensory neurones

A

Carry information from the sense organs to the CNS and detect changes outside the body

59
Q

What is the job of motor neurones?

A

To carry instructions from the CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands)

60
Q

What is the job of neurones?

A

To carry electrical impulses

61
Q

What controls the amount of light entering your eye?

A

The pupil reflex

62
Q

What do chemical transmitters do?

A

They diffuse across the synapse to reach the next neurone

63
Q

What does a relay Neuron do?

A

Pass messages between neurons in the CNS

64
Q

What do we need for a coordinated response?

A

A stimulus and a response

1[GCSE Biology]1 (23 decks)

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