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biology > topic 7 > Flashcards

topic 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

where a large amount of energy is released by splitting glucose

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2
Q

what’s the overall equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——–> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
(GLUCOSE)

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3
Q

what are the four stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

what happen is glycolysis (simple)

A

makes pyruvate from glucose

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5
Q

what are the two steps of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation and oxidation

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6
Q

what happens during phosphorylation in glycolysis

A

glucose is phosphorylated by adding two phosphates from 2 molecules of ATP creating triose phosphate and ADP

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7
Q

what happens during oxidation in glycolysis

A

triose phosphate is oxidised to form pyruvate. NAD collects the hydrogen forming NADH, 4ATP are produced but the net gain of ATP is two

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8
Q

what happens in the link reaction (simple)

A

pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A

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9
Q

how is pyruvate converted in the link reaction

A

pyruvate is decarboxylated, NAD is reduced collecting its hydrogen from pyruvate forming acetate, acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

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10
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur for each glucose molecule

A

twice

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11
Q

what happens during the Krebs cycle (simple)

A

produces reduced coenzymes and ATP

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12
Q

what happens during the third stage of the Krebs cycle

A

the 5C molecule is converted into a 4C molecule, decarboxylation nd dehydrogenation occur producing molecule of FADH and 2 molecules of NADH, ATP is produced by substrate phosphorylation

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12
Q

what happens during the first step of the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

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13
Q

what happens during the second step of the Krebs cycle

A

the citrate molecule is converted into a 5C molecule, decarboxylation occurs, dehydrogenation also occurs, the hydrogen is used to produce NADH

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14
Q

what are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

1 cosenzyme A
oxaloacetate
2 CO2
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH

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15
Q

what happens during oxidative phosphorylation (simple)

A

lots of ATP is produced

16
Q

what are the two processes involved with oxidative phosphorylation

A

the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q

how many molecules of ATP can be made from one glucose molecule

A

38

21
Q

what muscle is involved in movement

A

skeletal muscle

22
Q

what other body parts are included in movement

A

skeletal muscle, tendons, ligaments and joints

23
Q

how do skeletal muscles work

A

they contract and relax to move the bones at the joint, they work together in antagonistic pairs

24
Q

what are skeletal muscles made up of

A

they are made up of large bundles of long cells called muscle fibres

25
Q

describe muscle fibres

A
26
Q

what are myofibrils

A

long, cylindrical organelles found in muscle fibres

27
Q

what do myofibrils contain

A

thick myosin and thin actin filaments

28
Q

what are myofibrils made up of

A

many short sarcomeres

29
Q

what is the sliding filament theory and what does it explain

A

it explains muscle contraction, where the myosin and actin slide over one another to make sarcomeres contract- the myosin filaments themselves font contract and myosin and actin molecules stay the same length

30
Q

what is muscle contraction triggered by

A

an action potential

31
Q

how does the action potential cause muscle contraction

A

it triggers an influx of calcium ions, causing depolarisation, the calcium ions pulls out tropomyosin revealing the actin-myosin binding site. Ate moves the myosin head after it’s attached to the binding site. this pulls the actin filament along.

32
Q

what are the features of slow twitch muscles

A

contract slowly, muscles used for posture, good for endurance activities, can work for long durations, lots of myoglobin and mitochondria

33
Q

what are the features of fast twitch muscles

A

contract quickly, used for fast movement, good for short bursts of exercise, get tired quickly, little mitochondria and myoglobin

34
Q
A

biology (9 decks)

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