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biology > topic 5 > Flashcards

topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain the term niche

A

the role of a species within its habitat. it includes both biotic and abiotic interactions.

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2
Q

explain why succession doesn’t usually take place in a farmers field

A

ploughing destroys any plants that were growing. so larger plants may start to grow but wont have long enough to establish themselves before the field is ploughed again

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3
Q

what is primary succession?

A

succession that starts with a pioneer species in an area with no soil or organic matter

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4
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

succession in an area where soil/ organic matter already is. normally happens after a natural disaster (fire)

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5
Q

what is meant by a climax community?

A

the community reached at the end of succession which is stable and has a dominant species.

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6
Q

what is climate change?

A

the termed to describe a significant change in weather of a region over time

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7
Q

what can be used as evidence for climate change?

A

temperature records, pollen analysis and tree rings (dendrochronology)

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8
Q

how are global average temps taken?

A

since the 1850s with thermometers, calculate mean

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9
Q

what sort of data do temp records give us?

A

reliable but short term

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10
Q

how is the data portrayed?

A

in graphs, they often show a steady increase with fluctuations indicating to climate change

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11
Q

what is dendrochronology?

A

the study of tree rings to show climate over the years

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12
Q

how can a tree ring show a climate?

A

due to the thickness of the ring, thick rings show good yearly growth so warm wet year weather wise, thin rings show bad yearly growth so dry and cold years

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13
Q

how many rings show a year of growth?

A

one

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14
Q

what does a black mark indicate on a tree ring?

A

natural disaster often forest fire

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15
Q

if tree rings get thicker over time what does this indicate?

A

climate change- warmer climate

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16
Q

why is pollen well preserved in peat bogs?

A

due to the acidity and moisture

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17
Q

does the age of pollen increase with depth of core?

A

yes

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18
Q

how can pollen cores indicate the climate?

A

by identifying species the pollen is from and knowing what climate they preferred

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19
Q

what does a gradual increase of a pollen species show?

A

climate change to the climate that species prefers

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20
Q

list the causes of climate change

A

human activity- deforestation, burning fossil fuels, agricultural farming

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21
Q

list the effects of global warming on plants and animals

A

affects rate of enzyme activity, life cycles, development and distrabution.

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22
Q

how does enzyme activity affect plants and animals

A

temp increases rate of reaction and enzyme activity, however, too high of a temp will lead to denatured enzymes and for the reaction to stop.

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23
Q

explain how life cycles are affected

A

chemical reactions are controlled by enzymes, global warming increases or decreases enzyme activity leading to faster or slower life cycles

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24
Q

explain how distribution is affected

A

when conditions change due to global warming, animals may have to move to a new area. if they can’t move they will die out.

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25
Q

how does rainfall patterns changing affects animals and plants

A

will affect the development and life cycles of organisms as well as affecting distribution

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26
Q

how does changing seasonal cycles affect animals and plants

A

will affect the development and life cycles of organisms as well as affecting distribution as they are adapted to seasonal changes

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27
Q

what is the Q10 equation

A

rate at high temp/ rate at low temp

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28
Q

what are two ways to reduce climate change and CO2 levels

A

biofuels and reforestation

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29
Q

explain the use of biofuels on decreasing CO2 levels

A

they are produced by biomass, making them sustainable. when burnt they release CO2 however there is no net increase in CO2 as the CO2 released is what they absorbed from the atmosphere when growing. making them carbon neutral.

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30
Q

explain the use of reforestation in decreasing CO2 levels.

A

planting new trees, more trees= more CO2 removed from the atmosphere by photosythesis.

31
Q

explain the carbon cycle

A
32
Q

what is evolution

A

a change in allele frequency over time, occurring by natural selection

33
Q

how does evolution happen

A

via natural selection- the best adapted individuals survive passing on the beneficial allele

34
Q

what is speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

35
Q

how does speciation happen

A

due to isolation, reducing the gene flow

36
Q

what does allopatric speciation require

A

geographical isolation

37
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

a population becoming reproductively isolated due to random mutations

38
Q

how does geographical isolation occur

A

physical barriers

39
Q

how does reproductive isolation occur

A

seasonal changes, mechanical changes, behavioural changes

40
Q

explain seasonal changes

A

individuals from the same population develop different flowering or mating seasons

41
Q

explain mechanical changes

A

changes in genitalia preventing successful mating

42
Q

explain behavioural changes

A

a group of individuals develop courtship rituals that aren’t attractive to the main population

43
Q

name two types of evidence for evolution

A

genomics and proteomics

44
Q

what is genomics

A

DNA technology that determines the base sequence of an organisms genome. closely related species diverged more recently, leading to similar DNA

45
Q

what is proteomics

A

the study of proteins, the sequence of amino acids, related organisms have similar DNA sequences. more recently speciate species should have more similar proteins

46
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

all the organisms living in a particular area, and all the non-living factors

47
Q

define habitat

A

the place where an organism lives

48
Q

define population

A

all the organisms of one species in a habitat

49
Q

define community

A

all of the organisms different species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other

50
Q

define abiotic factors

A

the non-living features of the ecosystem

51
Q

define biotic factors

A

the living features of the ecosystem

52
Q

define abundance

A

the number of individuals of one species in a particular area

53
Q

define distrabution

A

where a species is within a particular area

54
Q

abiotic factors affecting abundance

A

amount of light, water or space available, the temperature of their surroundings or the chemical composition of their surroundings

55
Q

biotic factors affecting abundance

A

interspecific competition, intraspecific competition, predation.

56
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule (ADP phosphorylated to form ATP)

57
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

adding phosphate to a molecule using light

58
Q

what is photolysis

A

the splitting of a molecule using light energy

59
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

the splitting a molecule using water

60
Q

what are redox reactions

A

reactions that involve oxidation and reduction

61
Q

reduction

A

if something is reduced it has gained electrons, and may have gained hydrogen or lost oxygen

62
Q

oxidation

A

if something is oxidised it has lost electrons, and may have lost hydrogen or lost oxygen

63
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

64
Q

what enzymes and coenzymes are used in photosynthesis

A

RUBISCO and NADP

65
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

the chloroplast

66
Q

describe the structure and function of the chloroplast

A

flattered organelles, have a double membrane. the thylakoids have large surface area, allowing it to absorb as much light as possible.

67
Q

describe the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis

A

this reaction needs light, it takes place in the thylakoid membranes. The light energy is used to add a phosphate to ADP forming ATP, and to reduce NADP to form NADPH.

68
Q

describe the light-independent reaction

A

also known as the Calvin cycle, doesn’t use any light energy, it takes place in the storm. ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reaction supply the energy and hydrogen to make glucose from CO2.

69
Q

describe non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A
70
Q

describe cyclic photophosphorylation

A
71
Q

describe the Calvin cycle

A
72
Q

what is NPP

A

net primary productivity
GPP + respiratory loss

73
Q

how does energy transfer through ecosystems

A

through trophic levels, via consumption of producers, the last trophic level.

biology (9 decks)

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