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biology > topic 6 > Flashcards

topic 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two responses involved in specific immunity?

A

humeral response and cell mediated response

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2
Q

what is the specific immune response?

A

an antigen specific response

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3
Q

what do cytokines do in the humoral response?

A

activate B cells that the differentiate into either memory B cells of plasma cells

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4
Q

what do plasma cells do?

A

make antibodies

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5
Q

what do memory cells do?

A

give immunity by remembering the pathogen

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6
Q

how do antibodies help clear infection?

A

agglutinating pathogens, neutralising toxins and preventing the pathogen from binding to the human cells

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6
Q

what do cytokines do in the cell mediated response?

A

activate T cells which then differentiate into 3 types of cells.

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7
Q

what are the 3 cells T cells differentiate into?

A

killer T cells, helper T cells and memory cells

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8
Q

what do killer T cells do?

A

they bind to the infected body cell and produce perforin which causes cell lysis

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9
Q

what do helper T cells do?

A

release substances e.g. cytokines that help activate B cells, t killer cells and macrophages

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10
Q

what is splicing?

A

the process where introns are removed from pre- mRNA

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11
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

when certain exons are removed, as well as the introns, to form different mRNA strands\

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12
Q

what does alternative splicing mean can happen?

A

more then one amino acid sequence and so more then one protein can be produced from one gene.

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13
Q

what is an intron?

A

section of genes that don’t code for amino acids

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14
Q

what is an exon?

A

the sections of genes that do code for amino acids

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15
Q

what is pre-mRNA?

A

mRNA strands that contain both introns and exons

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16
Q

name barriers to infection

A

skin, stomach acid, lysozyme, gut and skin flora.

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17
Q

what triggers an immune response

A

foreign antigens

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18
Q

three steps of the non-specific immune response

A

inflammation, production of interferons, phagocytosis

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19
Q

what happens during inflammation

A

the immune system will recognise foreign antigens, causing the release of molecules that cause vasodilation around the site of infection, increasing blood flow.

20
Q

what do interferons do

A

they prevent the spread of viruses to other uninfected areas by: preventing replication, activating the specific immune system.

21
Q

what happens during phagocytosis

A

a phagocyte recognises the antigens on a pathogen, the cytoplasm moves around it to engulf the pathogen. the pathogen is then contained in a phagocytic vacuole, a lysosome will break down the pathogen using enzymes.

22
Q

what decomposes organic matter

A

microorganisms- bacteria, the secrete enzymes that decompose the dead organic matter

23
Q

how can scientists predict the time of death of a body

A

body temp, muscle contraction, forensic entomology, extent of decomposition, stage of succession

24
Q

body temp on time of death(TOD)

A

after death the metabolic reaction slow down and eventually stop, causing body temp to fall until it equals its surroundings- algor mortis

25
Q

muscle contraction on TOD

A

4-6 hrs after death, muscles start to contract and become stiff- rigor mortis. it happens due to the deprivation of oxygen, causing anaerobic respiration leading to a build up of lactic acid, inhibiting the production of ATP leading to stiffness.

26
Q

forensic entomology on TOD

A

after death the body is colonise day insects, the type of insect and their life stage can be used to determine how long the body has been there.

27
Q

extent of decomposition on TOD

A

immediately after death bacteria and enzymes start to decompose bodies, the extent of this decomposition can give an estimated time of death.

28
Q

the production of what give you immunity

A

memory cells

29
Q

what is active immunity

A

the type of immunity you get when your immune system makes its own antibodies

30
Q

what is passive immunity

A

type of immunity you get from being given antibodies made by a different organism

31
Q

what are the two types of active ad passive immunity

A

natural and artificial

32
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

33
Q

what do bactericidal antibiotics do

A

kill bacteria

34
Q

what do bacteriostatic antibiotics do

A

prevent bacteria from growing

35
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

they inhibit bacterial metabolism

36
Q

what is a hospital acquired infection

A

infections that are caught while a patient is being treated in hospital

37
Q

why are hospital acquired infections common

A

many people with weakened immune systems, around its of ill people

38
Q

what do hospitals do to prevent HAIs

A

handwashing stations, equipment and surfaces should be disinfected, isolation ward, wash bedding.

39
Q

why are antibiotic resistant HAIs more common in hospitals

A

more antibiotics being used within the hospital, bacteria in hospitals are more likely to have evolved resistant to them

40
Q

what are the prevention methods for bacteria resistant HAIs

A

antibiotics shouldn’t be prescribed for minor bacteria infections, viral infections, to prevent infections. rotate the antibiotics being used.

41
Q

what is a DNA profile

A

genetic fingerprint of an organisms DNA

42
Q

what is the first step of DNA profiling

A

DNA sample obtained

43
Q

what is the second step of DNA profiling

A

PCR is used to amplify the DNA

44
Q

what is the third step of DNA profiling

A

a fluorescent tag is added, this makes the DNA visible under a UV light

45
Q

what is the fourth step of DNA profiling

A

gel electrophoresis is used to separate the DNA, according to length

46
Q

what is the fifth step of DNA profiling

A

the gel is viewed under a UV light, allowing comparisons to made between bands

47
Q

describe the PCR process

A
  1. a mixture containing DNA, free nucleotides, primers and DNA polymerase, is heated to 95 breaking the hydrogen bonds
  2. the mixture is cooled to 55 meaning primers bind to the strands
    3.the mixture is heated to 75 allowing DNA polymerase to help form new copies of the DNA
48
Q

how can DNA profiling be used

A

forensic science, determine genetic relations, in animals and plants

biology (9 decks)

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