topic 1

Question 1

what are the main properties of water?

Answer 1

Dipole-slightly equally oppositely charged. Solvent. Cohesive.

Question 2

why do multicellular organisms need mass transport systems?

Answer 2

to overcome the limitations of diffusion.

Question 3

why is the left side of the heart thicker then the right side?

Answer 3

it needs to pump the blood further around the body.

Question 4

what are the three types of blood vessel

Answer 4

arteries, viens and capillaires

Question 5

explain the structure of arteries?

Answer 5

small lumen- to maintain high pressure. high levels of elastic tissue to allows them to stretch and recoil.

Question 6

explain the structure of veins?

Answer 6

contain valves- prevent backflow. large lumen- lower pressure.

Question 7

explain why people overestimate the risk of developing CVD?

Answer 7

they may know people people who have died from it. or articles often highlight the link between smoking and CVD which gives people constant exposure making people worry.

Question 7

explain the structure of the capillaries?

Answer 7

one cell thick- allows for short diffusion pathway.

Question 8

what type of ions are involved in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?

Answer 8

calcium ions

Question 9

name three things which make up a blood clot

Answer 9

fibrin, red blood cells, platelets

Question 10

lifestyle factors that increase the risk of CVD

Answer 10

diet, high blood pressure, smoking, inactivity/little exercise.

Question 11

factors beyond your control the could affect CVD

Answer 11

age, genetics, gender

Question 12

what catalyses the reaction of fibrinogen to fibrin?

Answer 12

thrombin

Question 13

describe how atheroma’s can increase the risk that a person will suffer from a heart attack.

Answer 13

an atheroma plaque may break through the endothelium of the artery, leaving a rough surface. this damage could cause a blood clot. if the blood clot completely block the coronary artery, it will restrict blood flow to part of the heart muscle, cutting off its oxygen supply causing a heart attack.

Question 14

explain how maltose molecules are broken down

Answer 14

a molecule of water reacts with the glyosidic bond to split the glucose molecules apart/ a hydrolysis reaction splits the glucose molecules apart.

Question 15

explain how the structure of starch relates to its functions.

Answer 15

amylose is a long unbranched chain which forms a coiled shape making it compact so good for storage. amylopectin is a long, branched chain which allows stored energy to be released quickly. starch is insoluble in water which makes it good for storage as water doesn’t enter cells by osmosis

Question 16

explain the differences in structure between a saturated lipid and unsaturated lipid

Answer 16

saturated lipids don’t have double bonds between their carbon atoms. unsaturated lipids have one or more double bonds between their carbo atoms.

Question 17

explain why low density lipoproteins are sometimes referred to as ‘bad cholesterol’

Answer 17

having a high low density lipoprotein/ LDL level has been linked to an increased risk of CVD

Question 18

BMI equation

Answer 18

body mass (kg) / height^2 (m^2)

Question 19

what is an atheroma

Answer 19

a fatty deposit that makes the lumen smaller

Question 20

explain the process of blood clotting

Answer 20

1)Platelets in the blood release serotonin and thromboplastin
2)in the presence of calcium ions, thromboplastin will catalyze with prothrombin to form thrombin.
3)Thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin

Question 21

what are antihypertensives

Answer 21

drugs that reduce blood pressure

Question 22

what are benefits of antihypertensives

Answer 22

can be given in combination to reduce blood pressure
blood pressure can be monitored at home to see if they are working

Question 23

what are risks of antihypertensives

Answer 23

can cause fainting, headaches and drowsiness

Question 24

what are statins

Answer 24

a drug that reduces the amount of LDL’s in your blood

Question 25

what are benefits of statins

Answer 25

reduce the risk of CVD

Question 26

what are the risk of statins

Answer 26

Can cause muscle pain, nosebleeds, headaches and nausea

Question 27

what is a monosaccharide (give examples)

Answer 27

a single sugar unit (glucose, fructose and galactose)

Question 28

what is a disaccharide (give examples)

Answer 28

a double sugar unit (maltose, lactose and sucrose)

Question 29

what bond is formed with a disaccharide

Answer 29

glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction

Question 30

what is a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 30

breaking bonds using water

Question 31

what is a polysaccharide (give examples)

Answer 31

polymers of monosaccharides (glycogen, starch and cellulose)

Question 32

what are examples of starch

Answer 32

amylose and amylopectin

Question 33

what is the structure of amylose

Answer 33

long, unbranched chain of glucose joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. coiled, compact structure

Question 34

what is the structure of amylopectin

Answer 34

long, branched chain of glucose that contains 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds. side branches makes it easy to break down

Question 35

what are the three stages of the cardiac cycle

Answer 35

atria systole, ventricular systole and cardiac diastole

Question 36

describe atria systole

Answer 36

the atria contact, pushing blood into the relaxed ventricles, av valves are open, sl valves are closed

Question 37

describe ventricular systole

Answer 37

the ventricles contract pushing blood into the arteries, av valves are closed preventing back flow into the relaxed atria, sl valves are open

Question 38

describe cardiac diastole

Answer 38

both ventricles and atria are relaxed, blood begins to fill atria, av valves open, sl valves closed

Question 39

how can you wrk out heart beat from a cardiac cycle graph

Answer 39

time for one cycle/ 60