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topic 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does mitosis produce

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

what is mitosis needed for

A

the growth of multicellular organisms, repairing damaged tissues, asexual reproduction

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3
Q

what are the 4 phases in the cell cycle

A

gap phase 1(G1), synthesis, gap phase 2(G2), {interphase} mitotic phase.

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4
Q

what happens in gap phase 1

A

cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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5
Q

what happens in the synthesis phase

A

cell replicates DNA ready to divide by mitosis

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6
Q

what happens in gap phase 2

A

cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

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7
Q

what are the four steps of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

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8
Q

what happens in prophase

A

chromosomes condense, the two centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibres emerge from the centrosomes

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9
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes line up at the equator, spindle fibres continue to extend from the centrosomes

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10
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

the sister chromatids separate at the centromere, spindle fibres begin to shorten, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres

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11
Q

what happens in telophase

A

cell begins to separate into two, chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle fibre break down

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12
Q

what is a stem cell

A

unspecialised cell that can differentiate into different cell types

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13
Q

what’s a totipotent stem cell

A

can differentiate into any cell type

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14
Q

what’s a pluripotent stem cell

A

can differentiate into most cell types

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15
Q

what a multipoint stem cell

A

can differentiate into many stem cells

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16
Q

similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

both contain organelles, both have a cell surface membrane made of a phospholipid bilayer

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17
Q

differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, the size of ribosome (70s P, 80s E), eukaryotes contain linear DNA whereas prokaryotes contain circular DNA

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18
Q

what are the types of eukaryotic cells

A

animal cells, plant cells, algal cells and fungal cells

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19
Q

what is the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

double membraned, nuclear pores, both membranes are phospholipid bilayers

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20
Q

what’s the function of the nuclear envelope

A

control the passage of ion molecules and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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21
Q

what’s the structure of the nucleolus

A

largest substructure in the nucleus, contains DNA and RNA

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22
Q

what’s the function of the nucleolus

A

produces 80s ribosomes, immobilises proteins

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23
Q

what’s the structure of the nucleus

A

the nucleoplasm is the fluid inside the nucleus where the chromatin and nucleolus is. contains linear chromosomes that’s are made up of DNA

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24
Q

what’s the function of nucleus

A

controls the actions of the cell, DNA contains instructions for protein synthesis, holds genetic material

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25
Q

what’s the structure of the mitochondria

A

double membraned, contain their own ribosomes and DNA, mitochondrial matrix which contains enzymes

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26
Q

what’s the function of mitochondria

A

makes ATP via aerobic respiration, contain a lot of energy

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27
Q

what’s the structure of the Golgi

A

a series of flattened membranous sacs

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28
Q

what’s the function of the Golgi

A

transport vesicles, sort, package and tag proteins and lipids to transport them to the right place.

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29
Q

what’s the structure of the Golgi vesicles

A

membrane bound fluid filled vesicles

30
Q

what’s the function of the Golgi vesicles

A

store and transport modified proteins and lipids, lysosomes are Golgi vesicles containing enzymes called lysozymes

31
Q

what’s the structure of 80s ribosomes

A

can be free-floating or attached to ER, small not membrane-bound

32
Q

what’s the function of 80s ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis

33
Q

what’s the structure of the smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, a series of flattened sacs

34
Q

what’s the function of the Smooth ER

A

responsible for the production and processing of lipids

35
Q

what’s the structure of the rough ER

A

flattened sacs attached to the nuclear membrane, ribosomes on surface

36
Q

what’s the function of the rough ER

A

newly formed proteins are folded and assume their tertiary shape

37
Q

what’s the structure of centrioles

A

have a cylindrical shape, found in pairs

38
Q

what’s the function of centrioles

A

produce long spindle fibres during mitosis, these bind to replicated chromosomes to pull the apart,during mitosis

39
Q

what’s the structure of a lysosome

A

membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

40
Q

what’s the function of lysosomes

A

release digestive enzymes that digest worn out organelles, food particles, viruses and other waste products

41
Q

what is tissue

A

is a group of similar cells that are specially adapted to work together to carry out a particular function

42
Q

what is an organ

A

a group of different tissues that work together to preform a particular function

43
Q

what is an organ system

A

organs that work together to form organ systems- each system has a particular function.

44
Q

what are gametes

A

the male and female sex cells found in all organs that reproduce sexually. they join together to form a zygote.

45
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes contain

A

half the number of body cells - 23

46
Q

how are egg cells specialised for their function

A

they have a cell membrane, follicle cells (form a protective coating), zona pellucida (protective glycoprotein layer that sperm have to penetrate), nucleus

47
Q

how are spam cells specialised for their function

A

nucleus, cell membrane, lots of mitochondria (provides energy), flagellum/tail (allows sperm to swim towards egg cell), acrosome (contains digestive enzymes to break down the eggs zona pellucida)

48
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

the oviduct

49
Q

describe the acrosome reaction

A

where digestive nezymes are released from the acrosome of the sperm. these enzymes digest the zona pellucida, so that the sperm can move through it to the cell membrane of the egg.

50
Q

describe the cortical reaction

A

where the egg releases the contants of vesicles called cortical granules into the space between the cell membrane and the zona pellucida.

51
Q

what happens after these granules are released

A

they thicken the zona pellucida making it impenetrable to other sperm- making sure only one sperm fertilises the egg.

52
Q

what does meiosis produce

A

4 genetically different daughter cells, gametes

53
Q

what does mitosis do to the number of chromosomes in the cells

A

half it

54
Q

what are the two reasons for genetically different cells being produced

A

crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes

55
Q

how does crossing over occur

A

where two chromatids twist around each other, recombining their genetic material.

56
Q

how does independent assortment of chromosomes occur

A

this is the random assortment of chromosomes within the cell, due to a mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes in each cell

57
Q

what is gene linkage

A

genes that stay together during random assortment due to how close each genes loci is

58
Q

what’s a loci

A

position of genes o a chromosome

59
Q

what is sex linkage

A

when the locus of the allele its codes for is on a sex chromosome

60
Q

which is bigger the x or Y chromosome

A

y

61
Q

why are men more likely to show recessive phenotypes for genes that are sexlinked

A

they only have one X chromosome

62
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into specialised cells

63
Q

totipotency

A

ability to specialise into any cell type

64
Q

pluripotentcy

A

ability to produce any cell type except embryonic cells

65
Q

how do stem cells become specialised

A

through differential gene expression

66
Q

transcription factors affecting gene expression

A

activators and repressors- activators increase transcription repressors decrease it

67
Q

what is an operon

A

a section of DNA controlled by a single operator/ promoter that are transcribed together

68
Q

what is meant by polygenic

A

a characteristic showing continuing variation caused by multiple genes at different loci

69
Q

what does lac operon do

A

allows coli to respire using lactose instead of glucose

70
Q

how does lac operon work

A

lactose binds to lac repressor allowing transcription of lac operon’s structural genes

biology (9 decks)

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