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biology > topic 4 > Flashcards

topic 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the variety of organisms within a habitat, community or ecosystem. the variety of alleles within a population or gene pool

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2
Q

what does the heterozygosity index measure

A

the proportion of heterozygous organisms in a population

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3
Q

what is the equation for the heterozygosity index

A

No. of heterozygous organisms/ total population

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4
Q

what does hardy Weinberg measure

A

the allele and genotype frequency of a population

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5
Q

what is species evenness

A

how close in numbers the population of each species is

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6
Q

what is species richness

A

No. of different species found in a community.

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7
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation

A

changes in the way organism behave in order to improve their chance of survival

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8
Q

what is a anatomical adaptation

A

changes in the morphology of the organism in order to improve their chance of survival

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9
Q

what is a physiological adaptation

A

are small scale changes to an organism, such as changes to the DNA, in order to improve their chance of survival

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10
Q

why are organisms classified

A

in order to determine the relatedness of different organisms to classify newly discovered species and to quantify biodiversity

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of domain

A

prokaryota, eukaryota and archaea

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12
Q

what’s is the order of classification

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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13
Q

what is the role of the millennium seed bank

A

preserves genetic diversity, allow reintroduction of endangered or extinct populations that may have been affected by habitat destruction, over harvesting or climate change, protecting plants important to medicine, source of genes for genetically modified crops

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14
Q

what are storage conditions within seed banks

A

dry- to prevent damage via ice crystal formation, cold- to prevent decay (by lowering enzyme activity) to prevent germination and to protect viability and longevity

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15
Q

what is the process of storing seeds

A
  1. dehydrate seeds
    2.store in cold conditions
    3.grow a small sample
    4.measure viability
  2. harvest new seeds to replace them
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16
Q

conservation in zooos- explain the role of captive breeding programs

A

re-introduction to the wild, increase population size, maintain genetic diversity, prevent genetic drift, prevent interbreeding depression

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17
Q

conservations in zoos- explain the role in conducting research

A

in-situ and ex-situ, In-situ is better to learn about the organism in its natural habitat, human presence in-situ can disturb behaviour and cost money, weather and environmental difficulties can make human attendance difficult

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18
Q

conservation in zoos- explain the role of reintroduction into the wild

A

allows zoos to build a viable population of animals, issues arise with habitat destruction and animals needing to learn the skills to survive

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19
Q

nervation in zoos- explain the role in conserving genetic diversity

A

studbook used to keep data of each organism e.g. previous mating partners, health, genomes

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20
Q

conservation in zoos- explain the role of education

A

zoos can be used to educate the public about animals and conservation efforts

21
Q

what is cellulose

A

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose, joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

22
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

provides structural support, for cells mainly found on the cell wall

23
Q

what are features of cellulose

A

cellulose chains link together via hydrogen bonds to form strong threads called microfibrils

24
Q

what is starch

A

a polysaccharide formed by condensation reactions of alpha-glucose molecules

25
Q

what are the function of starch

A

energy storage material I plants, act as a source of food, provides energy

26
Q

what are feature of starch

A

its water potential doesn’t change, insoluble, made up of amylose and amylopectin

27
Q

describe amylose

A

a linear chain of alpha-glucose, helical structure meaning it can be packed tightly(useful for storage)

28
Q

describe amylopectin

A

highly branched meaning enzymes can easily break the glycosidic bonds so it can be quickly released

29
Q

name organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells

A

cell wall, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, pits, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, vacuole and tonoplasts

30
Q

describe the function of xylem cells

A

transport water and mineral ions up plants and provide support.

31
Q

describe the structure of xylem cells

A

long, tube-like structures formed of dead cells, joined end to end. have a hollow lumen and contain no cytoplasm. their walls are thickened with lignin for support.

32
Q

describe the function of phloem tissue

A

transports organic solutes (translocation)

33
Q

describe the structure of phloem tissue

A

arranged in tubes, they have sieve tube elements and companion cells. sieve tube elements are living and allow routes to pass through. companions cell carry out functions for the sieve tube.

34
Q

describe the function of sclerenchyma fibres

A

provides support

35
Q

describe the structure of sclerenchyma fibres

A

dead cells, hollow lumen, do not have ned walls. their walls are thickened with lignin

36
Q

what makes a practice sustainable

A

a sustainable practice is one that doesn’t deplete resources

37
Q

what are renewable resources

A

resources that can be used indefinitely without running out

38
Q

how can using plant fibres contribute to sustainability

A

making ropes and fabrics from plant fibres instead of plastic, this makes them more sustainable as they are biodegradable and the crops can be regrown

39
Q

how can using starch contribute to sustainability

A

plastics made from starch are called bioplastics, this is more sustainable, as crops can be regrown.

40
Q

what do plants need to survive

A

water and inorganic ions

41
Q

what do plants need water for

A

needed for photosynthesis, to transport minerals and maintain structural rigidity

42
Q

what do plants use magnesium ions for

A

are needed for the production of chlorophyll, the pigment needed for photosynthesis

43
Q

what do plants need nitrate ions for

A

needed for the production of DNA proteins and chlorophyll

44
Q

what do plants need calcium ions fro

A

important for cell walls, required for cell growth

45
Q

what is the function of aseptic techniques

A

they prevent contamination of unwanted microorganisms.

46
Q

list examples of aseptic techniques

A

close windows and doors, regularly disinfect, use sterile equipment, flame necks of bottles

47
Q

describe William withering drug test

A

he made a chance observation, he tested different concentrations of digitalis soup via trail and error.

48
Q

describe modern drug testing

A

phase one- testing a new drug on a small group of healthy individuals, this finds safe dosage, side effects
phase two- tested on a larger group of people to see how well the drug actually works
phase three- drug is compared to existing treatments, it involves testing the drug on hundreds/ thousands of patients.

biology (9 decks)

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