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year 10 > Topic 6 waves GCSE Physics > Flashcards

Topic 6 waves GCSE Physics Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when waves travel through a medium?

A
  • the particles of the medium oscillate and transfer energy between each other
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2
Q

What is the amplitude of a wave?

A
  • maximum displacement of a wave from its undisturbed position
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3
Q

What is the wavelength?

A
  • distance between the same point of two adjacent waves (between the trough of one wave and the trough of another)
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4
Q

What is the frequency?

A
  • number of complete waves passing a certain point per second
  • measured in Hz
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5
Q

What can you find from the frequency?

A
  • period of the wave
  • so the amount of time it takes for a full cycle of the wave
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6
Q

How can you calculate the period of a wave?

A

period= 1/frequency

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7
Q

How are the vibrations in transverse waves?

A
  • oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer
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8
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A
  • all electromagnetic waves (light)
  • ripples and waves in water
  • a wave on a string
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9
Q

How are the vibrations in longitudinal waves?

A
  • oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer
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10
Q

What are some examples of longitudinal waves?

A
  • sound waves in air (ultrasound)
  • shock waves
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11
Q

What is wave speed?

A
  • the speed at which energy is being transferred
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12
Q

What is the wave equation?

A

wave speed= frequency X wavelength

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13
Q

How can you use an oscilloscope to measure the speed of sound? - p24

A

1-set up the oscilloscope so the detected waves at each microphone are shown as separate waves
2- start with both microphones next to the speaker, then slowly move one away until the two waves are aligned on the display (but have moved exactly one wavelength apart)
3- measure the distance between the microphone to find one wavelength
4- then use the formula wave speed = wavelength X frequency to find the speed

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14
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A
  • 330 m/s
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15
Q

How can you measure the speed of water ripples using a lamp? p74

A

1- using a signal generator attached to the dipper of a ripple tank
2- use a lamp to see wave crests on a screen below the tank
3- the distance between each shadow line is equal to one wavelength, measure the distance between the shadow lines that are 10 wavelengths apart
4- use wave speed = frequency X wavelength to measure speed of waves

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16
Q

How can you use the wave equation for waves on a string?

A

p74 look at diagram

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17
Q

What are the three things that can happen when waves arrive at a boundary between two materials?

A

1- waves are absorbed by the material, this transfers energy to the materials energy store
2- the waves are transmitted, carry on travelling to new material
3- waves are reflected

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18
Q

What is the rule of all reflected waves?

A

angle of incidence = angle of reflection

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19
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A
  • angle between the incoming wave and the normal
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20
Q

What is the angle of reflection?

A
  • angle between the reflected wave and the normal
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21
Q

What is the normal?

A
  • imaginary line that’s perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
  • shown with a dotted line
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22
Q

When does speculation reflection happen?

A
  • happens when a wave is reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface
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23
Q

What is diffuse reflection?

A
  • happens when a wave is reflected by a rough surface and the reflected rays are scattered in lots of different directions
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24
Q

Why does diffuse reflection happen?

A
  • because the normal is different for each incoming ray which means the angle of incidence is different for each ray
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25
Q

What are all EM waves?

A
  • transverse waves that transfer energy from a source to an absorber
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26
Q

What do all EM waves travel at?

A
  • same speed through air or a vacuum
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27
Q

What do electromagnetic waves form?

A
  • a continuous spectrum over a range of frequencies
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28
Q

How are electromagnetic waves grouped?

A
  • into 7 different types
  • based on their wavelength and frequency
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29
Q

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum from smallest to highest?

A

radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultra violet, X-rays, gamma rays

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30
Q

Why is there such a large range of frequencies for the EM spectrum?

A
  • because EM waves are generated by a variety of changes in atoms and their nuclei
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31
Q

What happens when a wave crosses a boundary between materials at an angle?

A
  • the wave changes direction
  • so its refracted
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32
Q

What does refraction in waves depend on?

A
  • depends on how much the wave speeds up or slows down
  • usually depends on the density of the two materials
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33
Q

What happens if a wave crosses a boundary and slows down or speeds up?

A

slows down- it will bend towards the normal
speeds up- bend away from the normal

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34
Q

What is the optical density of a material?

A
  • measure of how quickly light can travel through it (bottom of pg 76 for ray)
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35
Q

How can you use transparent materials to investigate refraction?

A

1- place a transparent rectangular block on a piece of paper and trace around it, use a ray box or laser to shine a ray in the middle of one side of the box
2- trace the incident ray and mark where the light ray emerges
3- remove block and draw a straight line, join the incident ray and the emerging point to show the path of the refracted ray
4- draw normal where the light ray entered the block
5- measure the angle

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36
Q

How can you find out the amount of light that different materials reflect?

A

1- draw a straight line on a piece of paper
2- shine a ray of light at the objects surface and trace the incoming reflected light beam
3- draw a normal where the light hits the object
4- measure angle of incidence and angle of reflection
5- repeat experiment with different objects

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37
Q

What are EM waves made up of?

A
  • oscillating electric and magnetic fields
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38
Q

What are alternating currents made up of?

A
  • oscillating charges
  • as the charges oscillate, they produce oscillating electric and magnetic fields (electromagnetic waves)
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39
Q

How can you produce radio waves?

A
  • using an alternating current in an electrical circuit
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40
Q

What is a transmitter?

A
  • object which changes oscillate to create the radio waves is called a transmitter
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41
Q

What happens when transmitted radio waves reach a receiver?

A
  • they are absorbed
  • energy carried by the waves is transferred to the electrons in the material of the receiver
  • energy causes electrons to oscillate
  • if receiver id part of a complete electrical circuit it generates an alternating current
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42
Q

What are radio waves?

A
  • used mainly for communication
  • EM radiation with wavelengths no longer than 10cm
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43
Q

Why can short-wave radio signals be received at long distances from the transmitter?

A
  • at long distances from the transmitter
  • because they are reflected from the ionosphere
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44
Q

What does Bluetooth use?

A
  • short wave radio to send data over short distances between devices without wires
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45
Q

What can medium waves signals can reflect?

A
  • reflect from the ionosphere depending on the atmospheric conditions and the time of day
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46
Q

What are radio waves used for?

A
  • TV and FM radio transmissions (have very short wavelengths)
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47
Q

Why can long-wave radio wavelengths be transmitted halfway around the world?

A
  • long wavelengths diffract (bend) around the curved surface of the Earth
48
Q

What do communications to form satellites use?

A
  • microwaves
49
Q

In microwave ovens how are the microwaves absorbed?

A
  • by water molecules in food
50
Q

How does water heat up in a microwave?

A
  • the microwaves penetrate up to a few centimetres into the food before being absorbed and transferred the energy they are carrying to the water molecules in the food
  • causing the water to heat up
  • the water molecules transfer this energy to the rest of the molecules in the food by heating
  • which quickly cooks the food
51
Q

What can infrared cameras be used to detect?

A
  • used to detect infrared radiation and monitor temperature
  • detects IR radiation and turns it into electrical signal which is displayed on a screen as a picture
  • the hotter the object the brighter it appears
52
Q

What does absorbing IR radiation cause?

A
  • objects to get hotter
  • food can be cooked using IR radiation
  • the temperature of the food increases when it absorbs IR radiation
53
Q

How do electric heaters work?

A
  • contain a long piece of wire that heats up when a current flows through it
  • the wire emits lots of infrared radiation
  • the emitted IR radiation is absorbed by objects and the air in the room
  • energy is transferred by the IR waves to the thermal energy stores of the objects causing the temperature to increase
54
Q

What are optical fibres?

A
  • thin glass or plastic fibres that can carry data over long distances as pulses of visible light
55
Q

How do optical fibres work?

A
  • because of reflection
  • the light rays are bounced back and forth until they reach the end of the fibre
56
Q

When is visible light used?

A
  • in optical fibres
57
Q

Why is light not easily absorbed or scattered?

A
  • as it travels along a fibre
58
Q

What is fluorescence?

A
  • property of certain chemicals where ultra violet radiation is absorbed and then visible light is emitted
59
Q

What do fluorescent lights generate?

A
  • UV radiation
  • which is absorbed and re emitted as visible light by a layer of a compound called a phosphor on the inside of the bulb
  • energy efficient so used in classrooms
60
Q

When are security pens used?

A
  • to mark property with your name
  • under UV light the ink will glow but its invisible otherwise
  • this can help police identify your property if stolen
61
Q

When is ultraviolet radiation produced?

A
  • produced by the sun
  • exposure to it is what gives people a suntan
62
Q

What is used in tanning salons?

A
  • UV lamps are used
  • over exposure can be dangerous
63
Q

When are radiographers used in medicine?

A
  • hospitals to take X-ray photographs of people to see if they have broken bones
64
Q

What can X-rays pass through?

A
  • easily through flesh but not so easy through denser materials like bones and metals
65
Q

What do radiographers use X-rays and gamma rays for?

A
  • to treat people with cancer
  • high doses of these rays kill all living cells so they are carefully directed towards cancer cells to avoid killing to many normal healthy cells
66
Q

How can gamma radiation be used as a medical tracer?

A
  • a gamma emitting source is injected into the patient
  • its progress is followed around the body
  • gamma radiation is well suited to this because it can pass out through the body to be detected
67
Q

What do radiographers do when there is X-rays and gamma rays that are harmful?

A
  • wear lead aprons and stand behind a lead screen or leave the room
68
Q

How much energy do low frequency waves transfer?

A
  • radio waves
  • don’t transfer much energy so mostly pass through soft tissue without being absorbed
69
Q

What do high frequency waves transfer?

A
  • UV, gamma rays
  • all transfer lots of energy and so can cause lots of damage
70
Q

Which type of radiation are X-rays and gamma rays?

A
  • ionising radiation
71
Q

What can UV radiation damage?

A
  • surface cells
  • leading to sunburn and cause skin to age prematurely
  • blindness and skin cancer
72
Q

How are UV radiation, X-rays, gamma rays be useful?

A
  • the risk of a person involved in a car accident developing cancer from having X-ray photograph taken is much smaller than the potential health risks of not finding and treating their injures
73
Q

What is radiation dose a measure of?

A
  • measured in sieverts
  • measure of the risk of harm from the body being exposed to radiation
74
Q

What does a CT scan use?

A
  • X-Rays and a computer to build up a picture of the inside of a patients body
75
Q

How do lenses form images?

A
  • by refracting light and changing its direction
76
Q

What is a convex lens?

A
  • bulges outwards
  • causes rays of light parallel to the axis to be brought together (converge) at the principal focus
77
Q

What is a concave lens?

A
  • caves inwards
  • causes parallel rays of light to spread out
78
Q

What is the axis of a lens?

A
  • a line passing through the middle of the lens
79
Q

What is the principal focus of a convex lens?

A
  • where rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis all meet
80
Q

What is the principal focus of a concave lens?

A
  • where rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis appear to all come from
81
Q

What is the focal length?

A
  • the distance from the centre of the lens to the principal focus
82
Q

What are the three rules for refraction in a convex lens?

A
  • an incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and passes through the principle focus on the other side
  • an incident ray passing through the principial focus refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axis
  • an incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction
83
Q

What are the three rules for refraction in a concave lens?

A
  • an incident ray parallel to the axis refracts through the lens and travels in line with the principal focus
  • an incident ray passing through the lens towards the principal focus refracts through the lens and travels parallel to the axis
  • an incident ray passing through the centre of the lens carries on in the same direction
84
Q

What is a real image?

A
  • where the light from an object comes together to form an image on a screen
85
Q

What is a virtual image?

A
  • when the rays are diverging so the light from the object appears to be coming from a completely different place
86
Q

What are the three things to describe an image?

A

1- how big it is compared to the object
2- whether its upright or inverted relative to the object
3- whether its real or virtual
- ray diagram draw learn p83 for concave and convex

87
Q

What does a concave lens produce?

A
  • virtual image
88
Q

How do you find magnification produced by a lens at a given distance?

A

magnification= image height/object height

89
Q

How do magnifying glasses work?

A
  • by creating a magnified virtual image
90
Q

Do opaque objects transmit light?

A
  • do not transmit light
  • when visible light waves hit them they absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others
91
Q

What does the colour of an opaque object depend on?

A
  • which wavelengths of light are most strongly reflected
92
Q

What do opaque objects that aren’t a primary colour reflect?

A
  • either the wavelengths of light corresponding to that colour or the wavelengths of the primary colours that mix together to make that colour
93
Q

What do white objects reflect?

A
  • reflect all of the wavelengths of visible light equally
94
Q

What do black objects absorb?

A
  • absorbs all of the wavelengths of visible light
95
Q

What do transparent and translucent objects transmit?

A
  • transmit light
  • not all light that hits the surface of the object passes through, some is absorbed or reflected
96
Q

What are coloured filters are used for?

A
  • filter out different wavelengths of light so only certain colours are transmitted
  • the rest are absorbed
97
Q

What does a primary colour filter transmit?

A
  • that colour
  • so if a white light is shone at a blue coloured filter only blue light would be let through
  • the rest are absorbed
98
Q

What happens if you look at a blue object through a blue colour filter?

A
  • it would still look blue
  • blue light is reflected from the objects surface and is transmitted by the filter
99
Q

What happens if you looked at a red object through a blue coloured filter?

A
  • the object would appear black
  • all of the light reflected by the object will be absorbed by the filter
100
Q

What colours are filters mainly used for?

A
  • filters that aren’t for primary colours let through both the wavelengths of light for that colour and the wavelengths of the primary colours that can be added together to make that colour
101
Q

excluding 86 and 87

A

dont know if i have learnt

102
Q

What are sound waves caused by?

A
  • vibrating objects
  • these vibrations are passed through the surrounding medium as a series of compressions and rarefactions
103
Q

How does sound travel?

A
  • faster in solids
  • than liquids
  • and faster in liquids than in gases
104
Q

How does a sound wave travel through a solid?

A
  • it causes the particles in the solid to vibrate
105
Q

Why cant sound travel in space?

A
  • because its mostly a vacuum
106
Q

How can you hear sound when your ear drum vibrates? p88

A

1- sound waves that reach your ear drum can cause it to vibrate
2- these vibrations are passed on to tiny bones in your ear called ossicles through the semi-circular canals and to the cochlea
3- the cochlea turns vibrations into electrical signals which get sent to your brain (allow you to sense)
- different materials can convert different frequencies of sound waves into vibrations

107
Q

How will sound waves be reflected?

A
  • by hard flat surfaces
  • echo’s are just reflected sound waves
108
Q

Do sound waves refract?

A
  • refract as they enter different media
  • as they enter denser materials they speed up because when a wave travels in a different medium, its wavelength changes but its frequency remains the same
109
Q

How does ultrasound ger reflected at boundary’s?

A

1- when a wave passes from one medium into another, some of the wave is reflected off the boundary between the two media, some is transmitted
2- so you can point a pulse of ultrasound at an object and wherever there are boundaries between one substance and another some of the ultra sound gets reflected back
3- the time it takes for the reflections to reach a detector can be used to measure how far away the boundary is

110
Q

How is ultra sound used in medical imaging?

A
  • ultrasound eaves can pass through the body but whenever they reach a boundary between two different media some of the wave is reflected back and detected
  • the exact timing and distribution of these echo’s are processed by a computer to produce a video image of the foetus
111
Q

How is ultrasound used in industrial imaging?

A
  • ultrasound can be used to find flaws in objects such as pipes or materials such as wool or metal
  • ultrasound entering a material will usually be reflected by the far side of the material
112
Q

What can happen when a wave arrives at a boundary between two materials?

A
  • can be completely reflected or partially reflected
113
Q

What does an earthquake produce?

A
  • seismic waves which travel out through the earth
114
Q

What happens when seismic waves reach a boundary between different layers of material?

A
  • some of the waves will be absorbed and some will be refracted
115
Q

What are the two types of seismic waves?

A
  • P waves
  • S waves
116
Q

What are P waves inside the earth?

A
  • P waves are longitudinal
  • they travel through solids and liquids
  • they travel faster than S-waves
117
Q

What are S-waves inside the earth?

A
  • transverse and cant travel through liquids or gases
  • they are slower than P-waves

year 10 (23 decks)

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