States of Matter and solubility chemistry

Question 1

What are the 3 states of matter?

Answer 1

• solid
• liquid
• gas

Question 2

What is the force of attraction like in a solid?

Answer 2

• strong forces of attraction between particles
• which holds them close together in fixed positions
• to form a regular lattice arrangement

Question 3

Why do solids keep a definite shape and volume?

Answer 3

• particles don’t move from their positions
• instead particles vibrate around their positions

Question 4

What is the force of attraction like in a liquid?

Answer 4

• weak force of attraction between particles in a liquid

Question 5

How are the particles in a liquid arranged?

Answer 5

• randomly arranged and free to move past each other
• but they tend to stick closely together

Question 6

Why will liquids flow to the bottom of the container?

Answer 6

• they have a definite volume
• but not a definite shape

Question 7

How do the particles move in a liquid?

Answer 7

• constantly moving with random motion
• hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move
• causing liquids to slightly expand when heated

Question 8

What is the force of attraction like between particles in a gas?

Answer 8

• force of attraction is very weak

Question 9

How do particles move around in a gas?

Answer 9

• free to move and are far apart
• particles travel in straight lines
• move constantly in a random motion

Question 10

What is the change in state from a solid to a liquid?

Answer 10

• melting
• at certain temperatures the particles have enough energy to break free from their positions

Question 11

What is the change in state from a solid to a gas?

Answer 11

• subliming

Question 12

What is the change in state from a liquid to a gas?

Answer 12

• evaporating
• at certain temperatures the particles have enough energy to break their bonds

Question 13

What is the change in state from a gas to a liquid?

Answer 13

• condensing

Question 14

What is the change in state from a liquid to a solid?

Answer 14

• freezing

Question 15

What is diffusion?

Answer 15

• the gradual movement of particles from place where there are lots of them
• to places where there are fewer of them

Question 16

How do you test for diffusion using potassium manganate and water?

Answer 16

• take a beaker of water and place some potassium manganate at the bottom
• the purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the beaker
• the particles of potassium manganate are diffusing out amongst the particles of water
• its the random motion of particles in a liquid that causes the purple colour to eventually spread out through the water

Question 17

How can you describe dilution with the potassium manganate experiment?

Answer 17

• add more water to the final purple solution
• potassium manganate particles would spread even further apart and the solution would become less purple
• this is called dilution

Question 18

How can you carry out diffusion with ammonia and hydrogen chloride?

Answer 18

• NH3 gas diffuses from one end of the tube and the HCl gas diffuses from the other
• when they meet, they react to from ammonium chloride
• the ring forms nearest the end of the tube where the HCl was

Question 19

In the ammonia and hydrogen chloride experiment, why does the ring form nearest the end of the tube where the HCl was?

Answer 19

• particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter than the particles of hydrogen chloride
• so they diffuse through the air more quickly

Question 20

How can you demonstrate diffusion with bromine gas and air?

Answer 20

• bromine gas is a brown strong smelling gas
• fill half a gas jar of bromine gas
• and the other half full of air
• separate the gases with a glass plate

Question 21

In the bromine gas and air experiment, what can you observe when you remove the glass plate?

Answer 21

• you will see the brown bromine gas slowly diffusing through the air
• the random movement of particles means that the bromine will eventually diffuse right through the air

Question 22

What is a solution?

Answer 22

• mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out

Question 23

What is a solute?

Answer 23

• is the substance being dissolved

Question 24

What is a solvent?

Answer 24

• is the liquid its dissolving into

Question 25

What is a saturated solution?

Answer 25

• a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more solute will dissolve in the solution

Question 26

How can you calculate solubility?

Answer 26

solubility= mass of solid/mass of water removed X 100

Question 27

How can you investigate how temperature affects solubility?

Answer 27

• make a saturated solution by adding excess ammonia chloride to 10cm3 of water in a boiling tube
• you will know when ammonium chloride is in excess because it sinks to the bottom of the tube
• give the solution a good stir and place the boiling tube in a water bath at 25 degrees
• after 5 minutes check the excess solid has sunk to the bottom with a thermometer
• weigh an evaporating basin
• pour solution into basin
• re weigh basin
• gently heat using a Bunsen burner (removes water)
• evaporation occurs and you are left with ammonium chloride
• reweigh evaporating basin
• repeat steps 1-6 mire time but with the water bath at different temperatures