topic 6: respiratory system

Question 1

what is the upper respiratory tract made up of (outside of lungs)

Answer 1

trachea, nose, mouth

Question 2

what is the lower respiratory tract made up of

Answer 2

bonchi and lungs

Question 3

function of respiratory system

Answer 3

Receive oxygen from environment
* Remove carbon dioxide from blood

Question 4

what is the turbinate

Answer 4

scroll of the bone

Question 5

what is the nasal septum

Answer 5

: middle partition

Question 6

what is the nasal epithelium

Answer 6

has ciliated mucous membrane

Question 7

Function of turbinate and ciliated epithelium

Answer 7

The turbinate and their ciliated epithelium warm and
moisten the incoming air
* The cilia and mucus help to trap particles that are
present in the air
* The caudal parts of the nasal cavity are responsible for
the smell

Question 8

how many cartillages make up the larynx

Answer 8

5, Cranially_epiglottis (1)
* Laterally _arytenoid cartilages (2),
* Ventrally_thyroid cartilage (1)
* Dorsally_cricoid cartilage(1)

Question 9

Functions of Larynx

Answer 9

Vocal cords: two connective tissue bands
attached to the arytenoid cartilages
* Vocal cords vibrate as air passes over them.
* Muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages
control the tension of the vocal cords to generate
sound with different pitch

Question 10

what are Para-nasal sinuses

Answer 10

Air-filled cavity within a bone.

Question 11

function of para nasal sinuses

Answer 11

Humidifying and heating
the air because of slow air turnover,
mucus secretion

Question 12

what is Sinusitis

Answer 12

a condition that the opening is blocked by infections, buildup of
pressure can be very painful, a hole may need be surgically drilled for pain relief

Question 13

where ate hyaline found

Answer 13

tracjea and bronchus

Question 14

what is special about the hyaline

Answer 14

C
-shaped rings of
hyaline cartilage
Gap between the ends
of each ring bridged
by smooth muscle

Question 15

structure from first to last

Answer 15

Trachea
Left and Right Main Bronchus(i)
Small Bronchi
Tiny Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolus/i
*Alveolar Sac: cluster of Alveolus/i

Question 16

what is the fluid that of alveolus is lined with

Answer 16

surfactant (chemical substance)

Question 17

what is the function of the surfactant

Answer 17

-Reducing surface tension
* Preventing alveoli from collapsing

Question 18

what is bronchodilation

Answer 18

Relaxation of smooth muscle leads to which lets more air in during intense physical activity (in hyaline)

Question 19

what is bronchoconstriction

Answer 19

Contraction of smooth muscle leads to
– Reduces size of the air passage
– May arise from Irritants in inhaled air, such as pollen,
associated with Asthma

Question 20

what is the base (lung)

Answer 20

caudal part sitting on diaphragm

Question 21

what is the apex (lung)

Answer 21

: the cranial portion

Question 22

what is a hilum

Answer 22

small, well-defined area
on medial side of lung
* Site, where bronchus,
blood vessel, lymph duct
and nerves enter and
leave the lung

Question 23

what is the mediastinum

Answer 23

area between the lungs
o Contains heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels,
nerves, lymphatic structures

Question 24

describe the structure of the pleura cavity

Answer 24

visceral pleural, plueral cavity containing pleural fluid, pariental pleura

Question 25

what is pleura

Answer 25

Thin membrane that lines thoracic cavity
and covers organs and structures in the
thorax

Question 26

function of the plueral fluid

Answer 26

Ensure that surfaces of organs slide
smoothly during breathing

Question 27

where id the diapgragm pleura, pulomonary/ visceral pluera, coastal/pariental plueral, mediastinal pluera located

Answer 27

Diaphragmatic pleura: cranial aspect of
the diaphragm.
* Pulmonary or visceral pleura: right and
left lungs.
* Costal or parietal pleura: the thoracic
wall (intercostal muscles and rib cage).
* Mediastinal pleura: mediastinum

Question 28

describe the pulmonary circulation in the lungs

Answer 28

Deoxygenated blood enters the lungs from right
ventricle of heart through the pulmonary artery
– Pulmonary artery splits into left and right pulmonary
arteries that enter the two lungs
– Pulmonary arterioles enter capillary networks
around the alveoli
* Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium, of
heart in the pulmonary veins

Question 29

describe inspiration (active process)

Answer 29

Inspiration is an active process: When the volume of thoracic
cavity increases as result of contraction of diaphragm and
external intercostal muscle contraction, the pressure in the
pleural cavity falls, the lungs expand in volume when pulled
out by increased negative pressure, and the air is sucked into
the trachea and further into the lung

Question 30

describe expiration ( passive process)

Answer 30

This process pushes air out of
lungs. when diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, the
pressure in the pleural cavity rises, the lungs collapse and air
is pushed out of the lungs.

Question 31

mechanism of daphragm

Answer 31

when the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and
increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 32

mechanism of external intercoastal muscles

Answer 32

skeletal muscle
o fill the space between the ribs (intercostal
spaces)
o Contractions lift the ribs upwards and outwards
o Increase of the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Question 33

mechanism of abdominal wall

Answer 33

When the abdominal muscles contracts (4 muscles)
o the abdominal organs against the surface of the
diaphragm push the diaphragm back to its dome
shape
o decreased the size of thoracic cavity

Question 34

what does tidal volume mean

Answer 34

The amount of air breathed in or
out during one normal respiration

Question 35

what is the formula for total lung capacity

Answer 35

Total lung capacity (TLC) = TV + IRV + RV

Question 36

how does gas exchange in alveoli take place

Answer 36

by simple diffusion
Gas molecules diffuse from
high concentration to low
concentration areas

Question 37

what are the two mechanism that control breathing

Answer 37

mechanical system
chemical system

Question 38

tell me about mecahnical system (stretch receptors)

Answer 38

Rs are nerve endings in the tracheal and
bronchial smooth muscles
When the lungs inflate to certain preset
point, a nerve impulse from SR is sent to
respiratory center in brain, which
*send a nerve impulse to stop muscle
contraction to prevent over-inhalation

Question 39

tell me about chemical system

Answer 39

• Chemical receptors are specialized sensory
  receptor cell/nerve cells
• located in large vessels (carotid and aortic
  bodies) and in the brainstem
  CRs are sensitive to CO2, O2 and pH level change
  in blood
• And send signals (in the form of action
  potential/ chemicals to activate nearby nerve
  fibers) to respiratory center to change the rate
  /depth of respiration