Topic 6: Organic 1 Flashcards
Chlorination of Methane
( Conditions and steps)
Conditions: Heat or UV
Initiation: Homolytic Fission of Cl2
Propagation: Formation of CH3 (Free Radical) or more Cl (Free Radical)
Termination: Cl2, CH3Cl, C2H6
Hydrogenation of alkene
(Commercial use, process, catalyst)
Adding hydrogen to remove a double bond. Nickel Catalyst. Used when making margarine to turn vegetable oil solid.
Halogenaton of alkene to dihalogenoalkane
Formed by added a halogen (Diatomic)
Hydration of alkene
(Conditions, process)
Conditions: Heated Steam, acid catalyst
Adding water as H and OH to form an alcohol.
Oxidation of alkene to a diol
(Conditions, process, extra information)
Conditions: Potassium manganate solution in acidic conditions
Water and the extra oxygens from the oxidising potassium manganate allow the formation of the hydroxyl groups
Can be used as a test for an alkene as the solution goes from purple to colorless
Addition of Hydrogen Halide
(Products, mechanism, reasoning)
Forms Halogenoalkane
Electrophillic Addition
Exact Mechanism Check Book
Step 1: Heterolytic Fission of HBr duo to Pi bond electrons being used after inducing polarity. Forms carbocation and Br ion.
Step 2: Br ion is attracted to carbocation and forms RBr.
What happens with unsymmetrical alkene during addition of hydrogen halide.
Forms two products. One will be major, one will be minor. Major is formed from the more stable carbocation (More alkyl groups).
What makes halogenoalkanes reactive
Polar bond between a more reactive halogen and carbon. This attracts nucleophiles to be attracted to the delta positive carbon.
Natural hydrolysis reaction of halogenoalkane
Adding H20 will slowly form an alcohol and HX over time.
Comparing Rates of Hydrolisis of halogenoalkane Practical
(Steps + Reasoning, Results)
Use Silver Nitrate solution (To form silver halide visible precipitate)
Use ethanol (as a solvent for the mixture)
Iodoalkanes are the fastest due to the weaker C-I bond (polarity is ignored)
Tertiary alkanes are fastest
Forming an Amine from Halogenoalkane
(Conditions, Products)
Conditions: Alcoholic ammonia sealed with heat.
Forms RNH2 and HX
Check Mechanism in book
Forming Nitrile from Halogenoalkane
(Conditions, Products, Usefulness)
Conditions: KCN In ethanol, heating under reflux
Produces RCN and KX
Useful as it extends the carbon chain
Faster Hydrolysis of halogenoalkane. What acts as nucleophile
Aqueous pottasium hydroxide whilst heating under reflux. Hydroxide ion is nucleophile
Elimination Reaction of any halogenoalkane
Removes the halogen using ethanolic KOH.
OH acts as a base, not a nucleophile and an alkene is produced.
Structural Formula
Each carbon atom and those attached
CH3CH3
Skeletal Formula
Just a line
Displayed Formula
Drawn out each atom and bond
Homologous series define
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group
Functional Group Definition
A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
Structural Isomerism definition
When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Stereoisomerism definition
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangments of atoms in space
Cis Trans isomerism when and define
Cis Trans is when both sides of the double bond are the same. Cis means same side, trans means other
E-Z Isomerism. Works how
With priority group. If highest priority group is on same side, Z isomer.
Catalytic converter eliminates what polutants
Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides
What is a radical and how is it formed
Highly reactive, neutral species with an unpaired electron formed in homolytic fission
How are alkane fuels obtained
Fractional distillation, cracking and reforming to get branched and cyclic hydrocarbons
Sigma vs Pi Bond
Pi bonds restrict rotation and exist only after a sigma bond forms.
Qualitiative Test for Alkene
Bromine or Bromine water. The water decolorises. Br and OH attaches
How can waste polymers be used after main use
Recycling, incineration to release energy, feedstock for cracking
How we class halogenoalkanes
Primary, secondary, tertiary based on how many carbons are attached to the carbon with the halogen
Explain trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes
Chloro - lowest, iodo- highest due to the weakening of the bond
Trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes primary - tertiary
tertiary are most reactive
