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A Level Chemistry > Topic 6: Organic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 6: Organic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chlorination of Methane
( Conditions and steps)

A

Conditions: Heat or UV
Initiation: Homolytic Fission of Cl2
Propagation: Formation of CH3 (Free Radical) or more Cl (Free Radical)
Termination: Cl2, CH3Cl, C2H6

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2
Q

Hydrogenation of alkene
(Commercial use, process, catalyst)

A

Adding hydrogen to remove a double bond. Nickel Catalyst. Used when making margarine to turn vegetable oil solid.

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3
Q

Halogenaton of alkene to dihalogenoalkane

A

Formed by added a halogen (Diatomic)

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4
Q

Hydration of alkene
(Conditions, process)

A

Conditions: Heated Steam
Adding water as H and OH to form an alcohol.

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5
Q

Oxidation of alkene to a diol
(Conditions, process, extra information)

A

Conditions: Potassium manganate solution in acidic conditions
Water and the extra oxygens from the oxidising potassium manganate allow the formation of the hydroxyl groups
Can be used as a test for an alkene as the solution goes from purple to colorless

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6
Q

Addition of Hydrogen Halide
(Products, mechanism, reasoning)

A

Forms Halogenoalkane
Electrophillic Addition
Exact Mechanism Check Book
Step 1: Heterolytic Fission of HBr duo to Pi bond electrons being used after inducing polarity. Forms carbocation and Br ion.
Step 2: Br ion is attracted to carbocation and forms RBr.

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7
Q

What happens with unsymmetrical alkene during addition of hydrogen halide.

A

Forms two products. One will be major, one will be minor. Major is formed from the more stable carbocation (More alkyl groups).

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8
Q

What makes halogenoalkanes reactive

A

Polar bond between a more reactive halogen and carbon. This attracts nucleophiles to be attracted to the delta positive carbon.

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9
Q

Natural hydrolysis reaction of halogenoalkane

A

Adding H20 will slowly form an alcohol and HX over time.

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10
Q

Comparing Rates of Hydrolisis Practical
(Steps + Reasoning, Results)

A

Use Silver Nitrate solution (To form silver halide visible precipitate)
Use ethanol (as a solvent for the mixture)

Iodoalkanes are the fastest due to the weaker C-I bond (polarity is ignored)
Tertiary alkanes are fastest

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11
Q

Forming an Amine from Halogenoalkane
(Conditions, Products)

A

Conditions: Alcoholic ammonia sealed with heat.
Forms RNH2 and HX
Check Mechanism in book

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12
Q

Forming Nitrile from Halogenoalkane
(Conditions, Products, Usefulness)

A

Conditions: KCN In ethanol, heating under reflux
Produces RCN and KX
Useful as it extends the carbon chain

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13
Q

Faster Hydrolysis of halogenoalkane. What acts as nucleophile

A

Aqueous pottasium hydroxide whilst heating under reflux. Hydroxide ion is nucleophile

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14
Q

Elimination Reaction of any halogenoalkane

A

Removes the halogen using ethanolic KOH.
OH acts as a base, not a nucleophile and an alkene is produced.

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15
Q

Structural Formula

A

Each carbon atom and those attached
CH3CH3

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16
Q

Skeletal Formula

A

Just a line

17
Q

Displayed Formula

A

Drawn out each atom and bond

18
Q

Homologous series define

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group

19
Q

Functional Group Definition

A

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

20
Q

Structural Isomerism definition

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

21
Q

Stereoisomerism definition

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangments of atoms in space

22
Q

Cis Trans isomerism when and define

A

Cis Trans is when both sides of the double bond are the same. Cis means same side, trans means other

23
Q

E-Z Isomerism. Works how

A

With priority group. If highest priority group is on same side, Z isomer.

24
Q

Catalytic converter eliminates what polutants

A

Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides

25
Q

What is a radical and how is it formed

A

Highly reactive, neutral species with an unpaired electron formed in homolytic fission

26
Q

How are alkane fuels obtained

A

Fractional distillation, cracking and reforming to get branched and cyclic hydrocarbons

27
Q

Sigma vs Pi Bond

A

Pi bonds restrict rotation and exist only after a sigma bond forms.

28
Q

Qualitiative Test for Alkene

A

Bromine or Bromine water. The water decolorises. Br and OH attaches

29
Q

How can waste polymers be used after main use

A

Recycling, incineration to release energy, feedstock for cracking

30
Q

How we class halogenoalkanes

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary based on how many carbons are attached to the carbon with the halogen

31
Q

Explain trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes

A

Chloro - lowest, iodo- highest due to the weakening of the bond

32
Q

Trend in reactivity of halogenoalkanes primary - tertiary

A

tertiary are most reactive

A Level Chemistry (11 decks)

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