Organic 2 + 3 Flashcards
What is optical activity
The ability of a single optical isomer to rotate the plane of polarisation of the plane-polarised monochromatic light in molecules containing a single chiral center
Reduction of Aldehyde or Ketone
Add lithium tetrahydridoaluminate. LiAlH4.
Forms alcohol
Carbonyl + Bennedics/ feelings solution
Blue to red. Aldehyde is oxidised ketone cannot be
Aldehyde + Tollens
Colourless to silver mirror. Oxidation
Aldehyde + Acidified pottasium dichromate
Orange to green solution. Oxidation
Brady + Carbonyl
Orange solid is formed when reacts.
Carbonyl + Iodine:
Conditions and what are we testing for
Iodoform. In alkali testing for CH3CO group
2 ways to make carboxylic acids
Oxidation of aldehyde and hydrolysis of nitrile
2 ways to make carboxylic acid by hydrolysis and explain
Acidic. Addition of H+ and H20) Alkaline (add alkali OH- + H20, then acid)
Reduction of carboxylic acid
Use LiAlH4 in dry ether.
Neutralisation of carboxylic acid
Mix with aqueous alkali to produce salts. IONIC SALTS
Halogenation of carboxylic acid. What is product?
Phosphorus chloride in anhydrous conditions. OH is replaced by halogen. Product is acyl chloride
Esterification of Carboxylic acid
Add alcohol in presence of acid cataylst. Condensation.
Acyl chloride + Water
Readily occurs. Carboxylic acid and Hydrogen Chloride gas
Acyl chloride + alcohol
Readily occurs. Ester and hydrogen chloride gas
Acyl chloride + Concentrated ammonia
Readily to form an amide and HCL. Then further reaction as reactant is base and product is acidic gas so NH4Cl is also produced.
Acyl Chloride + amine
Readily forms a substituted amide. N substituted. And HCL
4 Problems with kekule benzene structure
Doesnt decolonise bromine water
Not the same number of isomers were produced as expected
Bond lengths are all the same.
Enthalpy change of hydrogenation is much lower
What is the actual structure of benzene in delocalised model
Free p orbital electrons form one large electron cloud ( delocalised pi bond) above and below the ring
How to remove Pi bonds from benzene
Hydrogenation. 3H2 added to make cyclohexane
Combustion of benzene
Smokey flame as high C to H ratio
Bromination of benzene (conditions)
Heat benzene and bromine under reflux in the presence of a halogen carrier like AlCl3
Nitration of benzene
Nitric acid and sulphuric acid form NO2+ which is attacked by benzene
Bromination of Phenol
At room temp with bromine water. White ppt formed. Occurs 3 times to form 2,4,6 tribromophenol
Preparation of primary amine from halogenoalkane
heat halogenoalkane with ammonia gas under pressure in sealed container or with aqueous ammonia
Preparation of primary amine from nitrile
Nitrile is reduced using LiAlH4 and dry ether.
preparation of aromatic amine
Tin and conc HCL to aromatic nitrocompound
Amine + water
Alkaline solution
Amine + strong acid
Salts
Amine + halogenoalkane
Continues to occur and in the end just Cl-, not good as variety of products
Amine + acyl chloride
Amide
How to prep gringard reagent + conditions
Mg + Halogenoalkane. Dry ether as reacts with water
Gringard + CO2
Carboxyllic acid formed
Gringard + Methanal
Primary alcohol
Gringard + any aldehyde
Secondary alcohol
Gringard + ketone
Tertiary alcohol
