Topic 6

Question 1

Skeletal system

Answer 1

System made up of a number of organs, mostly bones

Question 2

What tissues are found in bones

Answer 2

Osseous tissue, cartilage, dense CT, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue

Question 3

Functions of bone and skeletal system

Answer 3

Support 
Protection 
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis 
Blood cell production 
Triglyceride storage

Question 4

Types of bones in the body

Answer 4

Long bones (90)
Short bones (28)
Flat bones (36)
Sesamoid bones (4)
Irregular bones (48)
Total 206

Question 5

Epiphyis

Answer 5

Structure of the bone: proximal and distal ends of the bone

Question 6

Diaphysis

Answer 6

Structure of the bone: shaft or body of the bone

Question 7

Medullary cavity

Answer 7

Structure of the bone: a hollow, cylindrical space within diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow in adults

Question 8

Articulât cartilage

Answer 8

Structure of the bone: thin layer of hyaline cartilage overlaying the epiphysis (joint surface)

Question 9

Metaphysis

Answer 9

Structure of the bone: region between epiphysis and diaphysis, in growing bones, contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 10

Periosteum

Answer 10

Structure of the bone: CT sheath around surface of bone (except for area of articular cartilage)

Question 11

Endosteum

Answer 11

Structure of the bone: thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface

Question 12

Compact bone tissue

Answer 12

Hard external layer of all bones
Arranged into repeating structural units called esteons
Resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

Question 13

Spongy bone tissue

Answer 13

Arranged in a lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
Spaces between the trabeculae make bones lighter and contain red bone marrow
Hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in red bone marrow

Question 14

T or F bone tissue is CT

Answer 14

True

Question 15

CT=

Answer 15

Cells + ECM

Question 16

Osteoprogenitor cell

Answer 16

Bone cell: unspecialized bone stem cell which can divide

Question 17

Osteoblasts

Answer 17

Bone cell: “build bone” cause bone deposition

Question 18

Osteoclasts

Answer 18

Bone cell: “carve out bone” cause bone resorption

Question 19

Osteocytes

Answer 19

Bone cell: maintains daily activities of bone

Question 20

Bone ECM

Answer 20

Consist of
15% water
30% collagen fibers
55% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)

Question 21

Calcification

Answer 21

Mineral salts are deposited and crystallized in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the ECM

Question 22

Blood and nerve supply

Answer 22

Bone is supplied with blood, nerves accompany some of the blood vessels that supply bones, and are sensitive to tearing and tension

Question 23

Ossification or osteogenesis (bone formation)

Answer 23

1) formation of bone in an embryo
2) growth of bones until adulthood
3) remodelling of bone
4) repair of fractures

Question 24

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 24

Pattern of bone formation: growth occurs inside CT. Flat bones of the skull, most of the facial bones and clavicle

Question 25

Endochondral ossification

Answer 25

Pattern of bone formation: growth occurs within a hyaline cartilage model. Hyaline cartilage cells differentiate from mesenchyme tissue. The rest of the bones in the body

Question 26

How many steps in intramembranous ossification

Answer 26

4

Question 27

How many steps in endochondral ossification

Answer 27

6

Question 28

Bone metabolism depends on

Answer 28

Minerals Vitamins Hormones

Question 29

Bone metabolism minerals

Answer 29

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 30

Estrogen and testosterone

Answer 30

cause a dramatic effect on bone growth cause a sudden "growth spurt" during the teenage years Shut down growth at epiphyseal plates

Question 31

Growth factors

Answer 31

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis

Question 32

Thyroid hormones

Answer 32

calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts which promotes bone growth | T3 and T4

Question 33

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 33

stimulates osteoclasts which increases blood calcium levels also stimulates formation of calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D), which promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract

Question 34

Insulin

Answer 34

promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins

Question 35

Calcium in the body

Answer 35

Bone is the body’s major calcium reservoir | Your heart, muscles, nerves need calcium

Question 36

Repair of bone steps

Answer 36

1) formation of fracture hematoma 2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation 3) bony callus formation 4) bone remodeling

Question 37

Formation of fracture hematoma

Answer 37

Blood leaks from the torn ends of blood vessels, a clotted mass of blood forms around the site of the fracture

Question 38

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Answer 38

Fibroblasts invade the fracture site and produce collagen fibres bridging the broken ends of the bone

Question 39

Bony callus formation

Answer 39

Osteoblasts begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae joining portions of the original bone fragments

Question 40

Bone remodeling

Answer 40

Compact bone replaces spongy bone

Question 41

Bones of the axial skeleton

Answer 41

``` Cranial bones Facial bones Vertebrae Sternum Ribs ```

Question 42

Vitamin A

Answer 42

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

Question 43

Vitamin C

Answer 43

is needed for synthesis of collagen

Question 44

Vitamin D

Answer 44

helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

Question 45

Vitamin K and B12

Answer 45

needed for synthesis of bone proteins