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Bio Prep > Topic 6 > Flashcards

Topic 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal system

A

System made up of a number of organs, mostly bones

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2
Q

What tissues are found in bones

A

Osseous tissue, cartilage, dense CT, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue

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3
Q

Functions of bone and skeletal system

A 
Support 
Protection 
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis 
Blood cell production 
Triglyceride storage
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4
Q

Types of bones in the body

A 
Long bones (90)
Short bones (28)
Flat bones (36)
Sesamoid bones (4)
Irregular bones (48)
Total 206
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5
Q

Epiphyis

A

Structure of the bone: proximal and distal ends of the bone

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6
Q

Diaphysis

A

Structure of the bone: shaft or body of the bone

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7
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Structure of the bone: a hollow, cylindrical space within diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow in adults

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8
Q

Articulât cartilage

A

Structure of the bone: thin layer of hyaline cartilage overlaying the epiphysis (joint surface)

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9
Q

Metaphysis

A

Structure of the bone: region between epiphysis and diaphysis, in growing bones, contains epiphyseal (growth) plate

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10
Q

Periosteum

A

Structure of the bone: CT sheath around surface of bone (except for area of articular cartilage)

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11
Q

Endosteum

A

Structure of the bone: thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface

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12
Q

Compact bone tissue

A

Hard external layer of all bones
Arranged into repeating structural units called esteons
Resists the stresses produced by weight and movement

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13
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

Arranged in a lattice of thin columns called trabeculae
Spaces between the trabeculae make bones lighter and contain red bone marrow
Hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in red bone marrow

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14
Q

T or F bone tissue is CT

A

True

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15
Q

CT=

A

Cells + ECM

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16
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell

A

Bone cell: unspecialized bone stem cell which can divide

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone cell: “build bone” cause bone deposition

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone cell: “carve out bone” cause bone resorption

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cell: maintains daily activities of bone

20
Q

Bone ECM

A

Consist of
15% water
30% collagen fibers
55% crystallized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)

21
Q

Calcification

A

Mineral salts are deposited and crystallized in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the ECM

22
Q

Blood and nerve supply

A

Bone is supplied with blood, nerves accompany some of the blood vessels that supply bones, and are sensitive to tearing and tension

23
Q

Ossification or osteogenesis (bone formation)

A

1) formation of bone in an embryo
2) growth of bones until adulthood
3) remodelling of bone
4) repair of fractures

24
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Pattern of bone formation: growth occurs inside CT. Flat bones of the skull, most of the facial bones and clavicle

25
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Pattern of bone formation: growth occurs within a hyaline cartilage model. Hyaline cartilage cells differentiate from mesenchyme tissue. The rest of the bones in the body

26
Q

How many steps in intramembranous ossification

A

4

27
Q

How many steps in endochondral ossification

A

6

28
Q

Bone metabolism depends on

A

Minerals
Vitamins
Hormones

29
Q

Bone metabolism minerals

A

Calcium and phosphorus

30
Q

Estrogen and testosterone

A

cause a dramatic effect on bone growth
cause a sudden “growth spurt” during the teenage years
Shut down growth at epiphyseal plates

31
Q

Growth factors

A

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate,
and enhance protein synthesis

32
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts which promotes bone growth

T3 and T4

33
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

stimulates osteoclasts which increases blood calcium levels
also stimulates formation of calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D),
which promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract

34
Q

Insulin

A

promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of bone proteins

35
Q

Calcium in the body

A

Bone is the body’s major calcium reservoir

Your heart, muscles, nerves need calcium

36
Q

Repair of bone steps

A

1) formation of fracture hematoma
2) fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3) bony callus formation
4) bone remodeling

37
Q

Formation of fracture hematoma

A

Blood leaks from the torn ends of blood vessels, a clotted mass of blood forms around the site of the fracture

38
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A

Fibroblasts invade the fracture site and produce collagen fibres bridging the broken ends of the bone

39
Q

Bony callus formation

A

Osteoblasts begin to produce spongy bone trabeculae joining portions of the original bone fragments

40
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Compact bone replaces spongy bone

41
Q

Bones of the axial skeleton

A 
Cranial bones
Facial bones
Vertebrae 
Sternum
Ribs
42
Q

Vitamin A

A

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

43
Q

Vitamin C

A

is needed for synthesis of collagen

44
Q

Vitamin D

A

helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

45
Q

Vitamin K and B12

A

needed for synthesis of bone proteins

Bio Prep (13 decks)

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