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biology med 103 > topic 5B > Flashcards

topic 5B Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm

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2
Q

the cytoskeleton is composed of 3 types of filaments

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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3
Q

the thinnest type of filament, made of actin filaments

A

microfilaments

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4
Q

the type of filament composed of different types of proteins such as keratin

A

intermediate filaments

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5
Q

the thickest type of filaments, made of tubulin filaments

A

microtubules

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6
Q

cytoskeleton functions

A

supports, maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, provides motility

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7
Q

protein subunits of microtubules

A

tubulin

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8
Q

protein subunits of microfilaments

A

actin

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9
Q

functions of microtubules

A
  • mitotic spindle formation
  • shape the cell
  • guide movement of organelles
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10
Q

the continuous polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules depends on

A

GTP hydrolysis

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11
Q

GTP hydrolysis during tubulin polymerization

A
  • GTP attached to β-tubulin hydrolyzes to GDP
  • GTP bound to α-tubulin does not hydrolyze
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12
Q

drugs that affect microtubule stability/formation

A

anti-mitotic drugs - inhibit the mitotic spindle formation

ex: anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs

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13
Q

examples of anti-mitotic drugs

A
  1. colchicine - binds to tubulin monomers to inhibit microtubule polymerization during PROPHASE
  2. taxol - binds to tubulin monomers, stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting their depolymerization during mitotic ANAPHASE
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14
Q

microtubule polymerization begins at

A

microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)

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15
Q

microtubule orientation

A

the (-) end is oriented towards the cell center (MTOC) and the (+) end is towards the periphery

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16
Q

MTOC types

A
  1. centrosome
  2. basal body
  3. polar body
  4. chromosomal kinetochores of mitotic spindle
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17
Q

MTOC in most non-dividing cells

A

centrosome

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18
Q

MTOC in flaggelated and ciliated cells

A

basal body

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19
Q

MTOC in some fungi

A

polar body

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20
Q

MTOC in dividing cells (during metaphase)

A

chromosomal kinetochores of the mitotic spindle

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21
Q

centrosome structure

A
  • has two centrioles
  • each centriole consists of 9 triplets of microtubules (9+0 arrangement)
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22
Q

pericentriolar material

A
  • space around centrosome
  • used in microtubule nucleation
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23
Q

how does pericentriolar material initiate microtubule polymerization

A
  • contains γ-tubulin
    which facilitates the nucleation of the α/β-tubulin dimers by binding to the (-) end of microtubules
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24
Q

microtubules role in motility

A

used as “monorails” for the movement of cellular cargo from the cell center to the periphery

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25
Q

microtubules interact with _____ to produce motility

A

motor proteins

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26
Q

motor proteins

A

transport cellular cargo toward opposite ends of mictrotubules

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27
Q

motor protein involved in transport from periphery to cell center
(retrograde to microtubule)

A

dynein

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28
Q

motor protein involved in transport from cell center to periphery
(anterograde to microtubule)

A

kinesin

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29
Q

cilia and flagella

A

permanent locomotor appendages of some eukaryotic cells

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30
Q

cilia and flagella structure

A

consist of an axoneme surrounded by the plasma membrane

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31
Q

flagella

A

single flagellum per cell, snakelike motion

ex: sperm cells

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32
Q

cilia

A

multiple, back-and-forth motion

ex: protists, trachea cells

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33
Q

axoneme

A
  • the central strand of a cilium/flagellum
  • composed of microtubules (9+2 arrangement)
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34
Q

axonemal proteins

A
  1. dynein
  2. nexin
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35
Q

nexin

A

protein that connects microtubule doublets (pairs)

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36
Q

basal body

A

protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum

  • consists of 9 triplets of microtubules (like centrioles)
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37
Q

responsible for the bending movement of cilia/flagella

A

axonemal dynein

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38
Q

_____ & _____ have a microtubule (9+2 arrangement) and _____ & _____ have a (9+0 arrangement)

A
  1. cilia and flagella
  2. centriole and basal body
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39
Q

function of microfilaments

A
  • support cell shape
  • cell motility
40
Q

an example of how microfilaments support cell shape

A

microfilaments make up the microvilli core of intestinal epithelial cells

41
Q

two ways microfilaments help with cell motility

A
  1. formation of pseudopodia
  2. actin-myosin contractile system (in muscle cells)
42
Q

actin-myosin contractile system

A

actin filaments and myosin filaments join together to aid in contraction of muscles

43
Q

pseudopodia

A

transient (non-permanent) locomotor appendages

44
Q

actin monomers

A

G-actin (globular)

45
Q

actin polymers

A

F-actin (filamentous)

46
Q

microfilament polymerization

A
  1. G-actin conversion to F-actin
  2. energy provided by ATP hydrolysis
  3. (+) end - fast polymerization
  4. (-) end - slow polymerization

F-actin is assembled from G-actin subunits containing bound ATP, the filament grows at the (+) end and dissociation occurs at (-) end

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

48
Q

functions of intermediate filaments

A
  • supports cell shape
  • fix organelles in place
  • more permanent than other filaments
  • composed of different protein family categories (ex: keratin)
49
Q

types of intermediate filaments

A
  • keratin - in epithelial cells
  • desmin - in muscle cells
  • vimentin - in mesenchymal cells
  • neurofilaments - in neurons
  • GFAP - in neuroglia (glia)
  • lamins - in nuclear envelope
50
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

cells that develop into the lymphatic and circulatory systems tissues, and connective tissue (bones and cartilage)

51
Q

how do intermediate filaments support cell shape

A

provide tissues with resistance to mechanical stress

52
Q

keratin

A
  • found in epithelial and epidermal cells
  • known as cytokeratins in epithelial cell desmosomes
  • major component of hair and nails
53
Q

desmin

A

in muscle cells

54
Q

GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic proteins)

A

polymerized to form glia fibrils

55
Q

neuroglia

A

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support/protection for neurons

  • where glia fibrils are found
56
Q

lamins

A

lamin filaments are found in the inner side of the nuclear membrane

57
Q

cytoskeleton disorders

A
  • chediak-higashi syndrome
  • kartagener’s syndrome
58
Q

chediak-higashi syndrome

A
  • microtubule polymerization inherited defect resulting in reduced fusion of phagosomes & lysosomes during phagocytosis
  • results in inability to destroy microorganisms by phagocytosis (infections)
59
Q

kartagener’s syndrome

A
  • immotile cilia/flagella due to a dynein arm inherited defect
  • results in male/female infertility and sinusitis
60
Q

extracellular structures

A
  • cell walls of plant cells
  • ECM of animal cells
  • intercellular junctions
61
Q

cell wall

A

extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells

62
Q

cells walls are made fun of

A

cellulose fibers

63
Q

functions of cell walls

A
  • protects plant cells
  • maintains its shape
  • prevents excessive uptake of water
64
Q

the extracellular matrix consists of

A

glycoproteins and proteoglycans

65
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with attached carbohydrate residues

ex: collagen, fibronectin, laminin

66
Q

proteoglycans

A

carbohydrates with attached protein residues

67
Q

ECM functions

A

support, adhesion, movement, regulation of gene expression

68
Q

major proteins and glycoproteins of the ECM

A

collagen - major ECM glycoprotein

fibronectin - ECM glycoprotein

laminin - basement membrane glycoprotein

entactin - basement membrane glycoprotein

elastin - connective tissue protein

69
Q

proteoglycans of the ECM are composed of ______ + ______

A

proteins, glucosaminoglycans

70
Q

CAMS (cell adhesion molecules)

A

cell surface transmembrane proteins that bind to different ECM components

71
Q

extracellular domain CAMs

A

bind to ECM glycoproteins via a specific tripeptide sequence

72
Q

intracellular domain CAMs

A

bind to cytoskeletal filaments

(microfilaments/intermediate filaments)

73
Q

most abundant protein in the human body

A

collagen

74
Q

collagen is produced by

A

fibroblasts and epithelial cells

75
Q

function of collagen

A

organizes and strengthens the ECM

76
Q

type III collagen and the syndrome associated

A
  • found in skin, blood vessels, uterus
  • deficient in vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
77
Q

type IV collagen and the syndrome associated

A
  • located in basement membrane
  • defective in Alport syndrome
78
Q

basement membrane

A

specialized ECM type that separates epithelium/mesothelium/endothelium from underlying connective tissue

79
Q

fibronectin

A

glycoprotein that connects plasma membrane with extracellular molecules

ex: connects plasma membrane integrins to collagen

80
Q

stretchy protein in connective tissue

A

elastin

81
Q

elastin function

A

allows many tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting

ex: blood vessels, vocal cords

82
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

connective tissue disorder caused by a defect in fibrillin, a glycoprotein that forms a sheath around elastin (in elastic fibers)

83
Q

laminin

A

glycoprotein that connects cells (via integrins) to basement membrane components

84
Q

entactin

A

connects basement membrane components between

(ex: links laminin with collagen in the basement membrane)

85
Q

glucosaminoglycans (GAG)

A

polysaccharide composed of a repetitive disaccharide unit

86
Q

the only GAG that can be found alone in the body (not linked to a protein)

A

hyaluronic acid

87
Q

4 GAG groups

A
  1. hyaluronic acid
  2. chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate
  3. heparin and heparan sulfate
  4. keratan sulfate
88
Q

example of a proteoglycan

A

aggrecan

89
Q

aggrecan aggregate =

A

aggrecan + hyaluronic acid

90
Q

types of intercellular junctions

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
  • plasmodesmata
91
Q

plasmodesmata

A

junctions between plant cell walls, which allows molecule exchange

92
Q

3 animal cell junctions

A

gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes

93
Q

animal cell junction that prevents intercellular communication (molecule exchange)

A

tight junctions

94
Q

animal cell junction that anchors cells through ECM

A

desmosomes

95
Q

animal cell junction that channels and allows molecule exchange between cells

A

gap junctions

96
Q

______ anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm

A

intermediate filaments (made of keratin in epithelial cells)

97
Q

what cell junction do intermediate filaments form

A

desmosomes

biology med 103 (13 decks)

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